Determinants of private giving at ranked U.S. universities 2011-2020: A panel data quantile regression analysis
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17162/au.v14i2.1577Palavras-chave:
Ex-alunos, Doações privadas, Ensino superiorResumo
O objetivo desta pesquisa é realizar uma análise para identificar quais variáveis contribuem para as doações dos alunos às universidades dos Estados Unidos. Para este estudo, foram coletados dados de cinquenta universidades dos EUA, a maioria delas no quantil 1 da lista do Times Higher Education World University Ranking (THE Ranking). Além disso, foram coletadas informações dos demonstrativos financeiros e relatórios anuais das universidades para o período de 2011 a 2020 e informações da National Association of College and University Business Officers (NACUBO). Os dados foram organizados em uma estrutura de dados de painel com uma estrutura repetida para cada seção transversal. Essa estrutura é composta por cinquenta universidades e dez anos, como período de tempo, o que resulta em um total de 500 observações. Quando realizamos a análise correspondente, descobrimos que as variáveis que contribuem para as doações dependem do crescimento do PIB estadual, do tipo de universidade, do tamanho da universidade, das contribuições do estado por alunos equivalentes a tempo integral (FTE), da pontuação na classificação e dos descontos de impostos decorrentes de doações. Também foram encontradas evidências empíricas de que as universidades públicas recebem menos doações privadas do que as universidades privadas. Para esta pesquisa, realizamos uma análise de regressão quantílica de dados de painel para capturar com mais precisão a variabilidade dos dados, pois as universidades mais bem classificadas recebem a maior parte das doações.Downloads
Referências
Abello-Romero, J. B., Lopez, D., Ganga, F. & Mancilla, C. (2021). Perception on regulation and asymmetry of information as critical factor in university governance in Latin America. Sage Open, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440211023161
Altbach, P. G. (2012). The Globalization of College and University Rankings. Change: The Magazine of Higher Learning, 44(1), 26–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/00091383.2012.636001
Andrade, M. S., Miller, R. M., McArthur, D., & Ogden, M. (2020). The Impact of Learning on Student Persistence in Higher Education. Journal of College Student Retention: Research, Theory & Practice, 24(2), 316-336. https://doi.org/10.1177/1521025120915576
Andreoni, J., & Payne, A. A. (2003). Do government grants to private charities crowd out giving or fund-raising? American Economic Review, 93(3), 792-812. https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/000282803322157098
Ayala, M. (2010). Financiamiento de la educación superior en Colombia reflexiones para un próximo futuro. Revista de la educación superior, 39(156), 89-102. http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0185-27602010000400006&lng=es&tlng=es
Baruch, Y. & Sang, K. J. C. (2012). Predicting MBA graduates’ donation behaviour to their alma mater. Journal of Management Development, 31(8), 808-825. https://doi.org/10.1108/02621711211253268
Belfield, C. R. & Beney, A. P. (2000). What determines alumni generosity? Evidence for the UK. Education Economics, Vol 8, No 1, pp. 65-80. https://doi.org/10.1080/096452900110300
Bjorn, E. (2017). Econometrics of Panel Data Methods and Applications. Oxford University Press.
Baum, S., & Lee, V. (2018). Understanding endowments. Urban Institute.
Castilla, E. J., & Rissing, B. A. (2018). Best in Class: The Returns on Application Endorsements in Higher Education. Administrative Science Quarterly, 64(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/0001839218759965
Cabana, .S, Cortés, F., Vega D., & Cortés R. (2016). Analysis of Engineering Student Loyalty to his/her Center of Higher Education: Education Management Challenges. Formación universitaria, 9(6), 93 104. https://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-50062016000600009
Cameron, A. C. & Trivedi, P. K. (2005). Microeconometrics Methods and Applications. Cambridge University Press.
Clotfelter, C. T. (2003). Alumni giving to elite private colleges and universities. Economics of Education Review. 22(2), 109-120. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-7757(02)00028-6
Cho, M., Lemon, L.L., & Levenshus, A. B. (2019). Current students as university donors? determinants in college students’ intentions to donate and share information about university crowdfunding efforts. Int Rev Public Nonprofit Mark, 16, 23–4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12208-018-00217-9
De Hoyos, R. E. & Sarafidis, V. (2006). Testing for cross-sectional dependence in panel-data models. The Stata Jornal. 6(4), 482-496. https://doi.org/10.1177/1536867X0600600403
Demange, G., Fenge, R. & Uebelmesser, S. (2020). Competition in the quality of higher education: the impact of student mobility. Int Tax Public Finance, 27, 1224–1263. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10797-020-09595-5
Drezner, N. D., & Pizmony-Levy, O. (2021). I belong, therefore, I give? The impact of sense of belonging on graduate student alumni engagement. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 50(4), 753-777. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764020977687
Drezner, N. D., Pizmony-Levy, O., & Anderson-Long, M. (2020). In “Alma Mater” We Trust? Exploring Attitudes Toward Institutions and Alumni Giving. Teachers College Record, 122(9), 1-44. https://doi.org/10.1177/016146812012200907
Durango-Cohen, E. J., & Balasubramanian, S. K. (2015). Effective segmentation of university alumni: Mining contribution data with finite-mixture models. Research in Higher Education, 56(1), 78-104. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11162-014-9339-6
Ehrenberg, R. G. & Smith, C. L. (2003). The sources and uses of annual giving at selective private research universities and liberal arts colleges. Economics of Education Review, 22, 223-235. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-7757(02)00073-0
Faria, João Ricardo; Mixon, Franklin G.; Upadhyaya, Kamal P. (2018). Alumni donations and university reputation. Education Economics, 27(2), 155–165. https://doi.org/10.1080/09645292.2018.1527895
Francioni, B.; Curina, I.; Dennis, C.; Papagiannidis, S.; Alamanos, E.; Bourlakis, M. & Hegner, S. M. (2020). Does trust play a role when it comes to donations? A comparison of Italian and US higher education institutions. Higher Education, 82, 85–105. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-020-00623-1
Fraumeni, B. M. (2017). Gross domestic product: Are other measures needed?. IZA World of Labor.
Fukui, F. (2021). Do government appropriations and tax policies impact donations to public research universities in Japan and the USA?. Higher Education, 81(2), 325-344. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-020-00543-0
Godfrey, L. G. (1988). Misspecifications tests in econometrics: The Lagrange Multiplier Principle and Other Approaches. Cambridge University Press.
Gonzalez, L. (2013). Private philanthropic trends in academic libraries. Elsevier.
Gross Domestic Philanthropy (2016). https://www.cafonline.org/docs/default-source/about-us-policy-and-campaigns/gross-domestic-philanthropy-feb-2016.pdf
Gutrie, D., Arum, R., Roksa, J. & Damaske, S. (2008). Giving to local schools: Corporate philanthropy, tax incentives, and the ecology of need. Social Science Research, 37, 856-873. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2007.06.011
Hamdullahpur, F. (2021). Making Choices: Matching Sustainable Funding with Strategic Priorities in Higher Education. In A. O. Al-Youbi, A. H. M. Zahed & A. Atalar (Eds.), International Experience in Developing the Financial Resources of Universities (pp. 37-48). Springer.
Harrison, W. B., Mitchell, S. K. & Peterson, S. P. (1995). Alumni donations and colleges’ development expenditures. American Journal of Economics and Sociology. Vol 54, No 4, pp. 397-412. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1536-7150.1995.tb03243.x
Holmes J. (2009). Prestige, charitable deductions and other determinants of alumni giving: Evidence from a highly selective liberal arts college. Economics of Education Review, 28(1), 18–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2007.10.008
Irvin, R. A. (2010). Endowment, Definition and Management of. In H. K. Anheier, S. Toepler y R. List (eds), International Encyclopedia of Civil Society. Springer
Iskhakova, L., Hoffmann, S., & Hilbert, A. (2017). Alumni Loyalty: Systematic Literature Review, Journal of Nonprofit & Public Sector Marketing, 28(2), 129-163. https://doi.org/10.1080/10495142.2017.1326352
Kaplan, C. V. (2019). Emociones, sentimientos y afectos: Las marcas subjetivas de la educación (Vol. 31). Miño y Dávila.
Khanna, M., Jacob, I., & Chopra, A. (2019). Promoting business school brands through alumni (past customers)-analyzing factors influencing their brand resonance. Journal of Promotion Management, 25(3), 337-353. https://doi.org/10.1080/10496491.2019.1557812
Kim, Y., Kim, H., Lee, D., & Ahn, J. (2016). Promoting giving campaigns in university websites: A cross-cultural comparison between the United States and South Korea. Journal of Promotion Management, 22(1), 122-136. https://doi.org/10.1080/10496491.2015.1107015
Kismul, H., Hasha, W., Hinderaker, S. G., & Moen, B. E. (2020). An alumni study of a Master’s in international health. Public Health, 181, 168– 170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2019.12.015
Konstantopoulos; S., Li, W.; Miller, S. & van der Ploeg, A. (2019). Using Quantile Regression to Estimate Intervention Effects Beyond the Mean. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 79 (5), 1-28. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164419837321
Leslie, L. L. and Ramey G. (1988). Donor Behavior and Voluntary Support for Higher Education Institutions. The Journal of Higher Education, 59(2), 115–132. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221546.1988.11778318
Leydesdorff, L. & Bensman, S. (2006). Classification and powerlaws: The logarithmic transformation. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 57(11), 1470–1486. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.20467
Liu Y. (2006). Determinants of Private Giving to Public Colleges and Universities. International Journal of Educational Advancement, 6(2), 119–140. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.ijea.2150014
Marudas, N. P., & Jacobs, F. A. (2004). Determinants of charitable donations to large US higher education, hospital, and scientific research NPOs: New evidence from panel data. Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 15, 157-179. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:VOLU.0000033179.47685.1c
McAlexander, J. H., & Koenig, H. F. (2010). Contextual influences: building brand community in large and small colleges. Journal of Marketing for Higher Education, 20(1), 69-84. https://doi.org/10.1080/08841241003788086
McClure, K. R. (2015). Exploring curricular transformation to promote innovation and entrepreneurship: an institutional case study. Innovative Higher Education. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10755-015-9325-8
Monks, J. (2007). Public versus private university presidents pay levels and structure. Economics of Education Review, 26(3), 338-348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2005.11.003
Moore, S. & Kuol, N. (2007). Retrospective insights on teaching: exploring teaching excellence through the eyes of the alumni. Journal of Further and Higher Education, 31(2), 133-143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2005.11.003
National Association of College and University Business Officer. (2021). Historic Endowment Study Data. https://www.nacubo.org/Research/2021/Historic-Endowment-Study-Data
McDearmon, J. T., & Shirley, K. (2009). Characteristics and institutional factors related to young alumni donors and non-donors. Int J Educ Adv, 9(2), 83–95. https://doi.org/10.1057/ijea.2009.29
McGregor-Lowndes, M., Newton, C., & Marsden, S. (2006). Did tax incentives play any part in increased giving? Australian Journal of Social Issues, 41(4), 495–509. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1839-4655.2006.tb00032.x
Musselin, C. (2018). New forms of competition in higher education. Socio-Economic Review. 16(3), 657–683. https://doi.org/10.1093/ser/mwy033
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development [OECD]. (2003). Glossary of Statistical Terms Full Time Equivalent Students. https://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID=5369#:~:text=A%20full%2Dtime%20equivalent%20(FTE,actual%20and%20normal%20course%20loads
Ohman, E. M., Douglas, P. S., Dean, L. B., & Ginsburg, G. S. (2016). Philanthropy for science: Is it a viable option? Circulation Research. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.309657
Payne, A. A. (2001). Measuring the effect of federal research funding on private donations at research universities: Is federal research funding more than a substitute for private donations? International Tax and Public Finance, 8(5–6), 731–751. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1012843227003
Pindado, J. & Requejo, I. (2014). Panel Data: A Methodology for Model Specification and Testing, In C. L. Cooper (Ed.), Wiley Encyclopedia of Management. John Wiley & Son. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781118785317.weom040013
Plewa, C., Galán-Muros, V. & Davey, T. (2005). Engaging business in curriculum design and delivery: a higher education institution perspective. Higher Education, 70 (1), 35-53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-014-9822-1
Prinz, A., & Ehrmann, T. (2022). Academia as a league system. Journal of Business Economics, 92, 1065–1092 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11573-021-01079-0
Prisyanti, A., Nurhayati, O. D. & Widodo, A. P. (2020). Evaluation university ranking system using quacquarelli Symonds and integrated performance measurement system approach. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1524 (1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1524/1/012098
Raghuram, S., Gajendran, R. S., Liu, X., & Somaya, D. (2017). Boundaryless LMX: Examining LMX’s Impact on External Career Outcomes and Alumni Goodwill. Personnel Psychology, 70, 399-428. https://doi.org/10.1111/peps.12143
State appropriation https://ncses.nsf.gov/indicators/states/indicator/state-support-for- higher-education-per-fte-student/table
Snijders, I., Wijnia, L., Remy, M. J. P. R., & Loyens, S. M. M. (2019). Alumni loyalty drivers in higher education. Social Psychology of Education: An International Journal, 22(3), 607-627. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11218-019-09488-4
Strategic Performance Hub Glossary. (2017). http://usfweb.usf.edu/ODS/Data/Performance/Glossary_Financial.aspx
Sobral, S. R. (2021). The universities ranking world cup: A global view by continent and country from the computer science perspective. International Journal of Information and Education Technology, 11(6), 277-285. https://www.ijiet.org/vol11/1523-CS3007.pdf
Times Higher Education. (2019). Impact rankings 2019. Times Higher Education. https://www.timeshighereducation.com/rankings/impact/overall/2019
Urdari, C., Farcas, T.V. and Tiron-Tudor, A. (2017), Assessing the legitimacy of HEIs’ contributions to society: The perspective of international rankings, Sustainability Accounting. Management and Policy Journal, 8(2), 191-215. https://doi.org/10.1108/SAMPJ-12-2015-0108
U.S. Charitable Gift Trust. (s.f.). State and local tax treatment of charitable contributions. Consultado de: https://www.uscharitablegifttrust.org/tax- treatment-of-charitable-contributions.php
Vaiciukevičiūtė, A., Stankevičienė, J., & Bratčikovienė, N. (2019). Higher education institutions’ impact on the economy. Journal of Business Economics and Management, 20(3), 507-525. https://doi.org/10.3846/jbem.2019.10156
Vijh A.M. & K. Yang. (2012), Are small firms less vulnerable to overpriced stock offers?. Journal of Financial Economics, 110, 61-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2013.05.003
Voluntary Support of Education Survey (2019). https://www.case.org/resources/voluntary- support-education-survey
Webb, K. E. (2016). Can private donations help public universities build bridges over troubled waters? Practical lessons for administrators and donors. Public Organization Review, 18, 175-190. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11115-016-0365-z
Weerts, D. J., & Ronca, J. M. (2008). Characteristics of Alumni Donors Who Volunteer at their Alma Mater. Res High Educ, 49, 274–292. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11162-007-9077-0
Wooldridge, J. M. (2010). Econometric Analysis of Cross Section and Panel Data (2 ed.). MIT Press.
World Bank (2019). World Development Indicators Database (World Bank)
Wunnava, P. V., & Okunade, A. A. (2013). Do business executives give more to their alma mater? Longitudinal evidence from a large university. American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 72(3), 761-778. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajes.12019
Yan, W. & Sloan, M. F. (2016). The impact of employee compensation and financial performance on nonprofit organization donations. American Review of Public Administration. 46(2), 243-258. https://doi.org/10.1177/0275074014554000
Downloads
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Seção
Licença
Copyright (c) 2024 Jose Carlos Veliz Palomino, Bruno Chaihuaque Dueñas
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
1. Política propuesta para revistas de acceso abierto
Los autores/as que publiquen en esta revista aceptan las siguientes condiciones:
- Los autores/as conservan los derechos de autor y ceden a la revista el derecho de la primera publicación, con el trabajo registrado con la licencia de atribución de Creative Commons, que permite a terceros utilizar lo publicado siempre que mencionen la autoría del trabajo y a la primera publicación en esta revista.
- Los autores/as pueden realizar otros acuerdos contractuales independientes y adicionales para la distribución no exclusiva de la versión del artículo publicado en esta revista (p. ej., incluirlo en un repositorio institucional o publicarlo en un libro) siempre que indiquen claramente que el trabajo se publicó por primera vez en esta revista.
- Se permite y recomienda a los autores/as a publicar su trabajo en Internet (por ejemplo en páginas institucionales o personales) antes y durante el proceso de revisión y publicación, ya que puede conducir a intercambios productivos y a una mayor y más rápida difusión del trabajo publicado (veaThe Effect of Open Access).
