Metacognitive awareness instruction: a mixed method study on high school EFL learners’ writing development and intrinsic motivation
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17162/au.v10i4.504Keywords:
metacognitive awareness, writing, intrinsic motivation, EFL.Abstract
The goal of this study was to investigate the impact of using metacognitive awareness instruction (MAI) on EFL learners’ writing skill and their intrinsic motivation. To follow this goal, three research questions were designed and proposed. The questions sought to explore the impact of using metacognitive awareness instruction on the writing performance of the learners and also to know if any meaningful relationship could be observed between the learners’ writing development and their intrinsic motivation. To these goals, two groups of high school EFL learners established the participants of the study. To collect the data of the study, three instruments were used: a test of homogenization, pre and post writing tests and finally intrinsic motivation questionnaire developed and examined by (Renee Payne, 2007). The achievements of the study indicated the positive impact of using MAI on the writing improvement of the learners. Moreover, the writing motivation of the learners significantly increased. Finally, meaningful relationship could be observed between the writing levels and the motivation orientation of the learners.Downloads
References
Bereiter C. & Scardamalia M. (1987), The psychology of written composition. New Jersey, USA: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Brown A. (1987), Metacognition, executive control, self-regulation, and other more mysterious mechanisms, In F. Weinert & R. Kluwe (Eds.), Metacognition, motivation, and understanding, New Jersey, USA: Erlbaum.
Brown D. & Abeywickrama P. (2010), Language Assessment, Principles and Classroom Practices. NY: Pearson.
Brown J. & Hudson T. (2003), Criterion-referenced Language Testing. London: Cambridge Applied Linguistics.
Brown J. (2005), Testing in Language Programs, A comprehensive Guide to English Language Programs. Singapore: McGraw Hill.
Corsale K. & Ornstein P. (1980), Developmental changes in children's use of semantic information in recall. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 30(5): 231-245.
De Bot K. & Lowie W. & Verspoor M. (2005), Second language acquisition: an advanced resource book, New York; London: Routledge.
Deci E. & Koestner R. & Ryan R. (1999). A meta-analytic review of experiments examining the effects of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation, Psychological Bulletin, 125(6): 627–668.
Deci E. & Ryan M. (1985), Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination in Human Behaviour. New York: Plenum.
Dornyei Z. (2001), Teaching and researching motivation, Harlow: Pearson Education, 15(3): 169-180.
Dörnyei Z. (2005), The Psychology of the Language Learner: Individual Differences in Second Language Acquisition. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., Publishers, 17(3): 149-163.
Ehrman M. (1996) Understanding Second Language Difficulties. California, U.S.A: Sage Publications, Inc.
Flavell J. (1979), Metacognition and cognitive monitoring: A new area of cognitive-developmental inquiry. American Psychologist.
Flavell J. (1987), Speculation about the nature and development of metacognition. In F. Weinert & R. Kluwe (Eds.), Metacognition, motivation, and understanding, Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Fulcher G. & Davidson F. (2007), Language Testing and Assessment, an advanced resource book. GB: Routledge.
Garner R. (1988), Metacognition and reading comprehension, Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing.
Gold D., Hobbs C. & Berlin J. (2012), , A short history of writing instruction: From ancient Greece to contemporary America, New York: Routledge.
Hacker D. (2009), Definitions and empirical foundations, In D. J. Hacker, J. Dunlosky, & A. C. Graesser (Eds.), Metacognition in educational theory and practice, Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 4(1): 1–24.
Hairston M. (1982), The winds of change: Thomas Kuhn and the revolution in the teaching of writing. College Composition and Communication, 33(5): 76-88.
Hamp-Lyone L. (2000), Fairness in language testing, In Kunnan, A. J. (ed). Fairness and validation in Language Assessment, Studies in Language Testing 9, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 4(3): 30-34.
Hartman H. (2001), Developing students’ metacognitive knowledge and skills. In H.J. Hartman Metacognition in learning and instruction: Theory, research and practice, Boston: Kluwer Academic.
Hayes J. & Flower L. (1980), Identifying the organization of writing processes. In L. Gregg & E. Steinberg (Eds.), Cognitive processes in writing, Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Heaton J. (1988), Writing English Language Tests, Longman Handbook for Language Teachers, London: Longman Group UK Ltd.
Hidi S. & Boscolo P. (2007), Writing and motivation, Oxford: Elsevier.
Hyland K. (2002), Teaching and researching writing, New York: Longman.
Jacobs J. & Paris S. (1987), Children's metacognition about reading: Issues in definition, measurement, and instruction. Educational Psychologist, (22): 225–278.
Johns A. (1990), L1 composition theories: Implications for developing theories of L2 composition. In B. Kroll (Ed.), Second language writing: Research insights for the classroom, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 17(4): 24–36.
Leaver B. & Ehrman M. & Shekhtman B. (2005), Achieving Success in Second Language Acquisition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 17(3): 149-163.
Mohanty S. (2007). Lifelong and adult education, New Delhi: Ashish Publishing House, 19(1): 311-320.
Nelson T. & Narens L. (1990), Metamemory: a theoretical framework and new findings. The Psychology of Learning and Motivation, In G. Bower (Ed.); New York: Academic Press, 26(9): 125-173
Noels K. & Pelletier L. & Clement R. & Vallerland R. (2000), What are you learning a second language? Orientations and self-determination theory. Language Learning, 50(1): 57-85.
Noels K. (2009). The internalization of language learning into the self and social identity. In Z. Dornyei & E. Ushioda (Eds.), Motivation, language identity and the self, Bristol: Multilinual Matters, 12(6): 295-313.
Öz H. (2005), Metacognition in foreign / second language learning and teaching, Hacettepe University Journal of Education, 29(3):147-156.
Rahimi M. & Katal M. (2013), The impact of metacognitive instruction on EFL learners’ listening comprehension and oral language proficiency. Journal of Teaching Language Skills, 5(2): 69–90.
Renee Payne A. (2007), Development of the Academic Writing Motivation Questionnaire, (Master’s thesis), Unpublished Dissertation, University of Georgia, 19(5): 130-142.
Riding R. & Rayner S. (2000), Cognitive styles and learning strategies: understanding style differences in learning and behaviour. London: David Fulton, 18(1): 78-100.
Salehi R. & Farzad V. (2003), The relationship between metacognitive knowledge, learning conception and learning English, Journal of Psychology, 7(3): 270-286.
Schneider W. (1985), Developmental trends in the metamemory memory behavior relationship: an integrative review. Metacognition, cognition, and human performance 1, New York: Academic Press, 19(8): 78-99.
Schraw G. & Denison R. (1994), Assessing Metacognitive Awareness. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 19(2): 460-475.
Schunk D. & Ertmer P. (1999), Self-regulatory processes during computer skill acquisition: goal and self-evaluative influences. Journal of Educational Psychology, 91(3): 251-260.
Sitko B. (1998), Knowing how to write: Metacognition and writing instruction, In D. J. Hacker, J. Donlosky & A. C. Graesser (Eds.), Metacognition in educational theory and practice, Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 15(6): 93-115.
Skehan P. (1989). Individual Differences in Second Language Acquisition. London: Edward Arnold.
Wong B. (1991), The conceptual perspectives in the connections between reading and writing processes. In A. McKeough & J. L. Lupart (Eds.), Toward the practice of theory-based instruction. Current cognitive theories (p. 66-93). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 19(1): 159-170.
Wu X. (2003), Intrinsic motivation and young learners: The impact of the classroom environment. System, 23(1): 32-55.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2020 Mahdieh Akbarzadeh, Massoud Tajadini, Mehry Haddad Narafshan
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
- The authors retain their copyright but assign to the journal the right of the first publication, with the work registered under the Creative Commons attribution license, which allows third parties to use the published information as long as they mention the authorship of the work and that it was first published in this journal.
- Authors may make other independent or additional contractual arrangements for non-exclusive distribution of the version of the article published in this journal (eg, include it in an institutional repository or publish it in a book) as long as it clearly indicates that the work was first published in this journal.
- Authors are encouraged and advised to publish their work on the Internet (for example, on institutional or personal pages) before and during the review and publication process, as it can lead to productive exchanges and a greater and faster dissemination of the published work (see The Effect of Open Access).