Psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the athlete burnout questionnaire
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17162/au.v12i2.1047Keywords:
Burnout, sport, measurement, reliability, validity, Turkey.Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate validity and reliability evidence of the Turkish version of the Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ). The ABQ includes three 5-item subscales assessing emotional/physical exhaustion, reduced sense of accomplishment and sport devaluation. Participants were 429 athletes ranging from 13 to 29 years of age (M age =17.68, SD=3.81). Of the sample, 178 were female (M age =16.92, SD=3.61) and 251 were male (M age =23.23, SD=3.92). A separate sample of 208 athletes (35.1% basketball; 32.2% volleyball; 20.4% swimming; 12.3% tennis) completed the questionnaire a second time between 13 and 16 days after the initial application to evaluate test-retest reliability. Both Cronbach's Alpha coefficients and composite reliability values supported the scale’s internal consistency. Overall, validity and reliability evidence was similar to findings stemming from the original ABQ. These findings suggest that scores derived from Turkish version of the ABQ provide a suitable tool for assessing athlete burnout.Downloads
References
Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological bulletin, 103 (3), 411-423. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.103.3.411
Arce, C., de Francisco C., Andrade, E., Seoane, S., Raedeke, T. (2012). Adaptation of the athlete burnout questionnaire in a Spanish sample of athletes. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 15 (3), 1529-1536. doi:10.5209/rev_SJOP.2012.v15.n3.39437
Cervelló, E. M.. Escartí. A.. & Guzmán. J. F. (2007). Youth sport dropout from the achievement goal theory. Psicothema, 19 (1). 65-71.
Cresswell, S. L., & Eklund, R. C. (2006). The nature of player burnout in rugby: Key characteristics and attributions. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 18 (3), 219-239. doi:10.1080/10413200600830299
Coakley, J. (1992). Burnout among adolescent athletes: A personal failure or social problem? Sociology of Sport Journal, 9 (3), 271-285. doi:10.1123/ssj.9.3.271
DeFreese, J. D., & Smith, A. L. (2013). Teammate social support, burnout, and self-determined motivation in collegiate athletes. Psychology of sport and exercise, 14 (2), 258-265. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2012.10.009
Demirci, E., & Çepikkurt, F. (2018). Examination of the Relationship between Passion, Perfectionism and Burnout in Athletes. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 6 (6), 1252-1259. doi:10.13189/ujer.2018.060616
Dubuc, N. G., Schinke, R. J., Eys, M. A., Battochio, R., & Zaichkowsky, L. (2010). Experiences of burnout among adolescent female gymnasts: three case studies. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 4 (1), 1-18. doi:10.1123/jcsp.4.1.1
Eklund, R. C. & DeFreese. J. D. (2015). Athlete Burnout: What we know what we could know and how we can find out more. International Journal of Applied Sports Sciences. 27 (2). 63-75. doi:10.24985/ijass.2015.27.2.63
Fernández, C. A., Palacios, C. D. F., Fernández, E. M. A., Otero, M. J. F., Raedeke, T. D., & de Murcia, A. (2012). Adaptación del ABQ para la evaluación del burnout en deportistas colombianos. Revista Iberoamericana de psicología del ejercicio y el deporte, 7 (2), 271-286.
Field, A. (2013). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics: And sex and drugs and rock ‘n’ roll. (4th ed.), Los Angeles: Sage.
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18 (1), 39-50. doi:10.2307/3151312
Freudenberger, H. J. (1974). Staff burn‐out. Journal of Social Issues, 30 (1), 159-165. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1974.tb00706.x
Gustafsson, H., DeFreese, J. D., & Madigan, D. J. (2017). Athlete burnout: Review and recommendations. Current opinion in psychology, 16, 109-113. doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.05.002
Gustafsson, H., Hancock, D. J., & Côté, J. (2014). Describing citation structures in sport burnout literature: A citation network analysis. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 15 (6), 620-626. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2014.07.001
Gustafsson, H., Kenttä, G., Hassmén, P., & Lundqvist, C. (2007). Prevalence of burnout in competitive adolescent athletes. The Sport Psychologist, 21 (1), 21-37. doi: 10.1123/tsp.21.1.21
Gustafsson, H., Kenttä, G., & Hassmén, P. (2011). Athlete burnout: An integrated model and future research directions. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 4 (1), 3-24. doi:10.1080/1750984X.2010.541927
Hair, J., Anderson, R., Tatham, R., & Black, W. (1998). Multivariate data analysis (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Herrera, R. S.. DelCampo. R. L.. & Ames. M. H. (1993). A serial approach for translating family science instrumentation. Family relations. 42 (3), 357-360. doi:10.2307/585567
Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1998). Fit indices in covariance structure modelling: Sensitivity to under parameterized model misspecification. Psychological methods, 3 (4), 424-253. doi:10.1037/1082-989X.3.4.424
Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cut-off criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural equation modeling: a multidisciplinary journal, 6 (1), 1-55. doi:10.1080/10705519909540118
Isoard-Gautheur, S., Oger, M., Guillet, E., & Martin-Krumm, C. (2010). Validation of a French version of the Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ): In competitive sport and physical education context. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 26 (3), 203-211. doi:10.1027/1015-5759/a000027
Isoard-Gautheur. S.. Trouilloud. D., Gustafsson. H. & Guillet-Descas. E. (2016). Associations between the perceived quality of the coach–athlete relationship and athlete burnout: An examination of the mediating role of achievement goals. Psychology of sport and exercise, 22, 210-217. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2015.08.003
Kline, P. (2005). The handbook of psychological testing (2nd ed.) London, United Kingdom: Taylor and Francis.
Kline, R. B. (2010). Promise and pitfalls of structural equation modeling in gifted research. In B. Thompson & R. F. Subotnik (Eds.), Methodologies for conducting research on giftedness (pp. 147-169). Washington DC, US: American Psychological Association.
Koçak, Ç. V. (2019). The relationship between self-efficacy and athlete burnout in elite volleyball players. Pedagogy of Physical Culture and Sports, 23 (5), 231-238. doi:10.15561/18189172.2019.0504
Lemyre, P. N., Hall, H. K., & Roberts, G. C. (2008). A social cognitive approach to burnout in elite athletes. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports, 18 (2), 221-234. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2007.00671.x
Li, C., Wang, C. J., Pyun D. Y., & Kee, Y. H. (2013). Burnout and its relations with basic psychological needs and motivation among athletes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 14 (5), 692-700. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2013.04.009
Maslach, C. (1976). Burned-Out. Human behavior, 5 (9), 16-22.
Maslach. C.. & Jackson. S. E. (1981). The measurement of experienced burnout. Journal of organizational behavior. 2 (2), 99-113. doi:10.1002/job.4030020205
Maslach, C., Jackson, S. E., & Leiter, M. P. (1996). Maslach burnout inventory manual (Vol. 4). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
Maslach. C.. Schaufeli. W. B. & Leiter. M. P. (2001). Job burnout. Annual review of psychology. 52 (1), 397-422. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.397
Marsh, H. W., Hau, K. T., & Wen, Z. (2004). In search of golden rules: Comment on hypothesis-testing approaches to setting cut-off values for fit indexes and dangers in overgeneralizing Hu and Bentler's (1999) findings. Structural equation modeling, 11 (3), 320-341. doi:10.1207/s15328007sem1103_2
Ministry of Youth and Sports. (2019, July 22). Athletes in Turkey. http://sgm.gsb.gov.tr/Sayfalar/175/105/Istatistikler
Nusair, K., & Hua, N. (2010). Comparative assessment of structural equation modeling and multiple regression research methodologies: E-commerce context. Tourism management, 31 (3), 314-324. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2009.03.010
Olsson, L. F., Madigan, D. J., Hill, A. P., & Grugan, M. C. (2021). Do athlete and coach performance perfectionism predict athlete burnout? European Journal of Sport Science, 1-12. doi: 10.1080/17461391.2021.1916080
Raedeke, T. D. (1997). Is athlete burnout more than just stress? A sport commitment perspective. Journal of sport and exercise psychology. 19 (4), 396-417. doi:10.1123/jsep.19.4.396
Raedeke, T. D., & Smith, A. L. (2001). Development and preliminary validation of an athlete burnout measure. Journal of sport and exercise psychology, 23 (4), 281-306. doi:10.1123/jsep.23.4.281
Raedeke, T.D., Smith, A, Kenttä, G., Arce, C., & de Francisco, C. (2014). Burnout and commitment in sport: From theory to intervention. In A.R. Gomes, R. Resende, & A. Albuquerque (Eds.), Positive Human Functioning from a Multidimensional Perspective: Promoting Stress Adaptation. New York, NJ: NOVA, pp. 113-142.
Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., & Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of psychological research online, 8 (2), 23-74.
Schmidt, G. W., & Stein, G. L. (1991). Sport commitment: A model integrating enjoyment, dropout, and burnout. Journal of sport and exercise psychology, 13 (3), 254-265. doi: 10.1123/jsep.13.3.254
Scotto di Luzio, S., Martinent, G., Guillet-Descas, E., & Daigle, M. P. (2020). Exploring the role of sport sense of community in perceived athlete burnout, sport motivation, and engagement. Journal of applied sport psychology, 32 (5), 513-528. doi:10.1080/10413200.2019.1575298
Tabachnick, B., & Fidell, L. (2007). Multivariate analysis of variance and covariance. In: Hartman S, (Ed.). Using multivariate statistics. Boston: Allyn & Bacon; pp. 243-310.
Wheaton, B., Muthen, B., Alwin, D. F., & Summers, G. F. (1977). Assessing reliability and stability in panel models. Sociological methodology, 8, 84-136. doi:10.2307/270754
WOS (2021, March 16). Development and preliminary validation of an athlete burnout measure. http://apps.webofknowledge.com
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Funda Koçak, Soner Sivri, Thomas D. Raedeke, Çalık Veli Koçak, Oğuz Özbek
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
- The authors retain their copyright but assign to the journal the right of the first publication, with the work registered under the Creative Commons attribution license, which allows third parties to use the published information as long as they mention the authorship of the work and that it was first published in this journal.
- Authors may make other independent or additional contractual arrangements for non-exclusive distribution of the version of the article published in this journal (eg, include it in an institutional repository or publish it in a book) as long as it clearly indicates that the work was first published in this journal.
- Authors are encouraged and advised to publish their work on the Internet (for example, on institutional or personal pages) before and during the review and publication process, as it can lead to productive exchanges and a greater and faster dissemination of the published work (see The Effect of Open Access).