Social models of anti-corruption and corrupt practices in the global and European dimension Modelos sociales de lucha contra la corrupción y prácticas corruptas en la dimensión global y Europea

The article presents a comparative (comparative) analysis of social models of anti-corruption and corrupt practices in the global and European dimensions. The basic models of anti-corruption are identified and analysed: the first model, vertical, where the impact on the spread of corruption and corrupt practices is carried out vertically, which is based mainly on repressive (harassment, criminal liability) mechanisms, strict legal sanctions and social control; the second model is horizontal (model of systemic elimination of corruption factors), which provides for the use of repressive methods, social control and preventive mechanisms related to public involvement, formation of "anticorruption" imperatives in society, high level of legal culture and social responsibility based on democratic principles structure of social life.


Introduction
Social patterns of the development of society determine both positive and negative processes that can have a negative impact in various spheres (economic, political, social) in the form of a certain type of offense and the formation of such a phenomenon as corruption. Corruption has negative consequences in the social sphere as it leads to the desecration of the social identity of citizens.
Modern Ukrainian society is in a state where the processes of democratic transit are slowing down due to socio-political instability, blurring and vagueness of political and ideological orientations of the country's development as a welfare state, dysfunction of social and managerial institutions and deformed value and regulatory system the spread of informal social practices of interaction between the state and society (in the form of alienation of the state and its institutions from citizens), among which the most widespread are corrupt practices, which are aptly called the phenomenon of "pervasive corruption" (Lapshyna, 2014).
For the other hand, the development of corruption is basically aimed at demoralizing society, because in its essence a corrupt act is illegal and leads to administrative and / or criminal liability.
Experience shows that countries with a high level of corruption (Ukraine, Russia, Iraq, Iran, Syria) risk losing part of their socio-cultural fund and economic potential in the context of the globalization of the world system, where rapid economic integration is taking place today (Hajduova, Klimek, Daneshjo, Prokopenko, 2019).
Over the past year, Ukraine's indicators in the Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) have grown by 3 points. With 33 points out of 100 possible, we got 117th place out of 180 countries in the HRE list. Next to us in the ranking are Egypt, African Eswatini (Swaziland), Nepal, Sierra Leone and Zambia -all these countries also scored 33 points in CPI-2020. Among the neighbors, Moldova is the closest to Ukraine -34 points and 115th place (+2 points). The European autocracies Belarus (47 points, 63rd place) and Russia (30 points, 129) also improved their indicators in comparison with last year (Transparency International, 2021).
The complexity and relevance of the study of corruption as a social phenomenon causes increased interest on the part of researchers in this problem. An urgent social issue and problem is to create conditions for combating the spread of corruption and corrupt practices, and in the context of global society, enhanced cooperation between democracies is an important issue is the incorporation of best foreign practices to combat corruption, so study global and European experience destructive and negative phenomenon occupies a significant place in the research of Ukrainian and foreign scientists (Abotsi, 2018;Buryak, 2020;Dávid-Barrett, Fazekas, 2020). The analysis of effective social models of anti-corruption in the global and European context needs special attention.

Methodology
The aim of the study is a comparative analysis of social models of anti-corruption and corrupt practices in the global and European dimensions. The phenomenon of corruption from the standpoint of the sociological approach (Georgieva, 2017;Heath, Richards, De Graaf, 2016). Thus, the classical sociological tradition does not lead to an understanding of corruption as an independent theoretical problem (Granovetter, 2007). Methodological basis of the scientific article is a holistic and coherent system of methods of analysis, induction and deduction. The theoretical basis of this publication was the analysis devoted to aspects of corruption issues and different approaches to the methodology of research of corruption taking into account modern achievements in sociology (Khondker, 2006;Yarmysh, Melnyk, 2015).
The methodological basis of the research is the general scientific principles of cognition of social phenomena, systemic, interdisciplinary and historical approaches based on the theoretical analysis of corruption as a social phenomenon (Granovetter, 2007). An important place in the work is taken by the institutional approach, which makes it possible to consider corruption not only as a separate, independent phenomenon, but also as a social institution interacting with other social systems and institutions. The article used as a basic method a systematic approach, which made it possible to study the features of the formation of corruption as a social phenomenon (Elliott, 1997).

Results
Corruption as a social phenomenon in modern sociological science is associated primarily with the dysfunction of social processes in transitional or transitive societies, which can cover all areas of social space, which is expressed in the social phenomenon (Elliott, 1997). It is in transitive societies (which includes Ukrainian society) that corruption reaches its highest level (Lapshyna, (2014). In turn, the spread of corruption as a social phenomenon is exacerbated by many factors. For example, Trepak (2015) among such factors that hinder the process of overcoming corruption in Ukrainian society, highlights: 1) tension in the socio-economic sphere, which creates conditions for the spread of corrupt practices in market relations, slows down the formation of the middle class in society; 2) socio-cultural features of the mentality, normative and ethical specifics of social behavior, based on the value idea of paternalism of the state; 3) the representation of the population of public authorities and its representatives as a special social institution and social group, endowed with certain privileges and status advantages and act for the benefit of their own and corporate interests.
That is the reason why the emergence and specificity of corruption, as well as the formation of a system of mechanisms to combat corruption and corrupt practices depends on economic, social, political changes, mental and cultural characteristics of our society. Therefore, in a transitive Ukrainian society, corruption should be considered in the context of the transition from an authoritarian type of social governance to a democratic type, which Tulenkov (2011) called a pseudoliberal (or quasi-liberal) system of government.
The social management order of this system is characterized by a set of qualities of the old authoritarian order and the nascent new democratic order, which creates management structures with two qualitatively different and contradictory types of social dependence -group, authoritarian, and social, reflecting democratic character, none of which in the pseudo-liberal system of government has no advantage (Tulenkov, 2011). That is why corruption in a transitional society should be seen as a well-established informal practice of social interaction, on the one hand, and as a destructive phenomenon that slows down the process of democratic transit of society.
Today, there are several models and approaches to combating corruption that are effectively applied by different countries. Consider some scientific developments in this regard. Thus, Kikalishvili (2019) considering the world models of strategy to combat corruption, identifies the following approaches to understanding the strategic directions of combating corruption: 1) the approach of "war" with corruption involves mainly repressive mechanisms and harsh sanctions; 2) the approach of systemic elimination of the causes of corruption combines both educational and anticorruption means of combating corruption; 3) the approach of conscious passivity towards corruption, which consists in the idea that active action is not able to overcome corruption, and corruption itself is a temporary factor that will disappear by itself with the transformation of society into a more democratic and liberal (Mikhnenko, 2013). It can be noted that the dominance of selected approaches depends on the level of development of the country, the type of social governance. Thus, the "military" repressive approach dominates to some extent in China, passivity towards corruption is reflected in some countries in Asia and Africa, a systematic approach is typical of most democracies, because it aims to eliminate the causes of corruption, rather than overcoming its severity sanctions.
Analyzing the above models of anti-corruption strategy, Kikalishvili (2019) identifies two basic models of anti-corruption: the Singaporean model (Asian) and the Swedish model (European / Scandinavian). The first model is characterized by the rapid achievement of results by reducing corruption to a level acceptable to all members of society on the basis of the vertical impact on corruption. The second model is horizontal, which provides not only sanctions of regulatory and criminal nature, but also preventive and educational work with citizens and civil servants (Prokopenko, Karminsky, Klymenko, 2011), forming intolerance and inadmissibility of corruption and corrupt practices in society, which in turn requires efforts as public authorities government and the public. Of course, in different countries the application of these models has its own specifics, taking into account cultural and historical features, established democratic practices of interaction between state and society, political and ideological orientations and value and normative features of the national mentality.
Buryak (2020)  The United States has almost the greatest experience in fighting corruption. It should be noted that the anti-corruption system combines both repressive and preventive measures. The organizational and institutional structure is quite branched and combines different models (Romanyuk, 2009;Bagmet, 2018 (Trepak, 2015).  (property, assets, money, debts, etc.) with their inspection by the prosecutor, elimination of management barriers to business and external investment (Ferwerda, Deleanu, & Unger, 2017). Thus, the Singapore model envisages both severe social and criminal sanctions for corruption and elimination of the causes of corruption through mechanisms of socio-economic incentives, simplification of public services and improvement of anti-corruption legislation, contributing to the formation of "anti-corruption" consciousness of public and civil servants in particular.
Among the post-socialist countries, Poland's experience in implementing anti-corruption mechanisms is significant for Ukraine, which is to create an effective organizational and institutional structure in the anti-corruption system based on the Central Anti-Corruption Bureau (CAB). It is endowed with broad powers that apply to all spheres of social and economic life and is not limited to the range of subjects of offenses and performs both operational and investigative functions and functions of criminal prosecution, and control, analytical and informational, preventive and educational activities, along with repressive mechanisms are widely used and preventive, aimed at information and communication interaction with citizens (Yarmysh, Melnyk, 2015;Michael, 2019).
It should be noted that Poland has implemented a predominantly Singaporean anti-corruption model, which has helped to create the conditions for democratic transit.
The experience of Estonia as a post-Soviet country is interesting. Estonia has developed its most effective model of anti-corruption strategy, which was to build an e-state that minimized the influence of the human factor in the system of public and public administration. Within the framework of this strategy, the Estonian Criminal Code was adopted, which introduced severe penalties for corruption crimes -imprisonment and confiscation of property (Georgieva, 2017). Around 2008-2010, Estonia slightly modified its anti-corruption strategy, focusing on effective prevention of corruption offenses with the active involvement of NGOs. The state officially has an program "Honest State and Supervision", the essence of which is that any alarm signal of corruption is immediately investigated by all law enforcement agencies authorized to fight corruption (Hope Sr, 2017;Hauser, 2019). As we can see, Estonia in its models of anti-corruption strategy actively uses a combination of two approaches identified by Kikalishvili (2019): on the one hand, strict application of repressive methods, on the other -the implementation of preventive mechanisms aimed at systematically eliminating the causes of corruption.

Conclusion
Thus, the analysis of world and European experience in combating corruption has identified the following features of social models of anti-corruption that can be implemented in Ukraine: first, the main models of anti-corruption today are vertical (Singaporean) and horizontal (Swedish / Western European), a combination of which increases the social effectiveness of anti-corruption policy; secondly, the factors that contribute to overcoming corruption and corrupt practices in society are a high level of socio-economic development, adherence to the principles of the welfare state and democratic values of interaction between state and society, the mentality manifested in an active model of social behaviour against corruption. development of civil society and legal culture.
Thirdly, among the main social mechanisms for combating corruption are: repressive (social sanctions of a legal, criminal nature, financial control, administrative control) and preventive (social, public and ethical and moral control, high level of access to public information, informationcommunicative interaction of the state and citizens, development of the system of social monitoring, formation of a high level of legal culture through educational mechanisms); fourth, the high level of role of the public (civil society institutions) acts as a leading element of the anti-corruption system; fifth, the introduction of innovative mechanisms to combat corruption (for example, the formation of e-government and e-government, mechanisms of socio-psychological influence through the media, etc.). The development of a conceptual model of social mechanisms for combating corruption in Ukrainian society can be a promising area of research.