Un modelo educativo para la clasificación de factores que afectan la eficiencia de la reurbanización del entorno y la reubicación de empresas industriales An educational model for the classification of factors that affect the efficiency of the redevelopment of the environment and the relocation of industrial companies

The purpose of this study was to determine the hierarchy of fundamental factors determining the possibility of relocation of industrial enterprises in order to rationalize urban infrastructure. By analyzing scientific literature and the method of expert assessments, a list of priority factors has been formed that affect the possibility of redeveloping the urban environment and the relocation of an industrial facility. The use of expert assessment and the Likert scale established a Correspondencia al autor: E-mail: azariy.lapidus@yandex.ru ISSN 2312-4253(impresa) ISSN 2078-4015(en línea) 338 Apuntes Universitarios, 2021: 11(2), abril-junio ISSN: 2304-0335 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17162/au.v11i2.651 apuntesuniversitarios.upeu.edu.pe


Introduction
Most cities in the Russian Federation found themselves at the junction of two industrial revolutions -one is still driving outdated factories and factories from megacities, and the second is already attracting new high-tech industries to the interior of the city by the availability of a high-quality workforce and centers of competence (Auzan, 2017). The layering of these trends in the development of urban infrastructure in modern conditions is the main threat to the effectiveness of the implementation of the industrial policy of a modern metropolis and urban infrastructure (Yanitsky, 2018). If we consider, for example, the European experience, then the development of market relations led to an increase in the value of land plots in the center of cities, which, in turn, displaced industrial enterprises to the outskirts and outside of megacities.
In Russia, with the development of market relations, the industrial sector retreated under the pressure of the growth in the value of land plots, which was a natural regulator of the city's development. In the conditions of the Soviet period, the very concept of "land value" did not exist a priori (Aleskerov, 2019). The so-called industrial zones occupy thousands of hectares.
In most of them, production was stopped many years ago (Aleskerov, 2019). Chaotic warehouses and landfills appeared on unused areas. They spoil the appearance of the capital, use expensive land ineffectively, and worsen the ecological situation.

Incompatibility of industrial companies built over time in the Union of Soviet Socialist
Republics (USSR) with today's requirements, significant technological progress, economic reform, and transition to the market principles for evaluating efficiency imply the fact that their target and functional purposes must be changed (Gokhberg, et al., 2020;Kosyakov & Guskov, 2019). However, technical conditions of many industrial buildings in the Russian Federation allow them to be in operation for more than one decade. Most of these buildings are in settlements. Therefore, development of cities led to a significant increase in their areas, as a result of which industrial companies once built on the outskirts were within or even in the central parts of cities (Power, 2018;Lapidus, & Topchiy, 2019;Abid, Saeed, & Al-Beyaty, 2019).
Redeployment of production companies means that construction costs and provision of new facilities within a city. Despite many industrial buildings that have lost their effectiveness and relevance, as along with significant interest from investors in these facilities, the field of construction redeployment remains poorly studied. Redeployment is the transfer of production coefficients from one area of use to another. For example, an industrial building redeployment is a change in its functional purposes to change the operational qualities, increase the profitability of the facility, and consolidate this procedure legally in the relevant government institutions (Magnusson, Berggren, 2018;Mäkitie, 2019).
When a construction company is engaged in the construction or redevelopment of complex industrial facilities, then it separately analyzes all the factors affecting different parts of the facilities (Lai et al., 2020;Lonati, Saponaro, Sezenna, 2019;Wang, 2019). This ensures the smooth and efficient operation of the industrial facility construction company. The process of sequential erection of construction objects is necessary in order to begin construction as soon as possible and determine the priority objects. The most optimal option for the construction of buildings is possible only thanks to clear planning and taking into account all building factors (Lonati, Saponaro, Sezenna, 2019;Wang, 2019;Topchiy et al., 2019). Therefore, for any industrial facility it is necessary to carry out preliminary calculations and analysis. This will ensure an even distribution of construction work and the stability of their implementation.
However, to achieve and strengthen long-term competitiveness, companies are forced to adjust their activities with an emphasis on the changing demands of the period. Since the world is constantly changing, it is very important to respond to these changes expediently and quickly. Consequently, it must be performed only in the presence of the clearly defined goals, redeployment concept, and an understanding of each stage and the methods to be observed. This is a relevant study because the model of the work performed during redeployment allows this process to go as smoothly and efficiently as possible allowing the company to adapt to new market conditions. Therefore, it is necessary to define and ascertain the entire system of factors influencing the redevelopment of industrial buildings for the rationalization of urban infrastructure. Within the framework of this study, the determining factors of the relocation of industrial enterprises were identified in order to rationalize the urban infrastructure, and the priority of their influence was established, which can contribute to the formation of an effective strategy for the redevelopment of industrial territories with the rationalization of urban infrastructure.
Likewise, this work has a pedagogical approach, as it presents the theme of urbanization of the environment as a working model in architecture and civil engineering so that future students and experts in urban models can have a work that guides in this regard. That is the educational function of this study.

Methods and materials
The methodological approach to assessing the feasibility of re-profiling the urban environment is based on prioritizing the organizational and technical factors that affect the possibility of re-profiling the urban environment by building a hierarchical model. To construct a hierarchy model, the method of graphs was used, which makes it possible to structure factors by levels based on the mutual influence and interdependencies between them. In order to implement the method with a set of factors (Z), two subsets are distinguished: S(zi) is the reachability subset and P(zi) is the subset of predecessor vertices. A zj vertex is called reachable if there is a path in the graph that leads from the zi vertex to the zj vertex ( =1) (Kühn et al., 2017): where bij is the assessment of reachability of the jth vertex through the ith vertex.
The zi vertex is the predecessor of the zj vertex if the second one reaches the apex of the first one. Those vertices for which condition (2) is satisfied form the first (lowest) level of the hierarchy. At the 2nd iteration, the objects that formed the 1st level of the hierarchy are excluded. The analysis continues until all factors have been graded (Kühn et al., 2017).
For the other hand, because of the purpose of the study, an expert group was formed,

Results
The scores set according to the results of the survey, which characterize the possibility of the influence of one factor on another, are given in Table 1. The table shows the average scores for the expert group. The given points characterize the degree of direct influence (on a 5-point Likert scale) of the ith factor on the jth.   The first level of the hierarchy was formed by the climatic factor and the factor of neighborhood. These factors are independent of others, but affect them. In the course of the 2nd iteration, the indicated factors (climatic factor and proximity factor) were excluded from the list of factors, and a similar procedure for determining the hierarchy levels was carried out (Table 3). The topological factor (F16) formed the second level of the hierarchy. This factor depends on the climatic and affects the implementation of factors of the availability of natural, labor resources, the development of science in the region, the climatic, factor of the investment attractiveness of the region, the presence of sales markets, competition, the development of production, engineering, transport, economic, social, tourism infrastructure, information and communication technologies, environmental friendliness of the region, the factor of the historical and cultural value of the region, the legislative factor. The definition of factors of the 3rd level of the hierarchy is presented in Table 4. At the 3rd level of the hierarchy, the factors of environmental friendliness of the region, the historical and cultural value of the region, the legislative factor are highlighted. Table 5 shows the factors of the 4th level of the hierarchy.  At the 4th level of the hierarchy, the factor of the availability of natural resources is highlighted. This factor affects the investment attractiveness of the region, the development of production, engineering, transport, economic, social, and tourist infrastructure. Table 6 shows the factors affecting the possibility of re-profiling the urban environment and relocation of an industrial facility, which formed the 5th level of the hierarchy.  F2, F3, F4, F6, F7, F8, F9,  F10, F11, F17   F2, F3, F4, F6, F7, F8, F9,  F10, F11, F17   F2, F3, F4, F6, F7, F8,  F9, F10, F11, F17  5   F11  F2, F3, F4, F6, F7, F8, F9,  F10, F11, F17   F2, F3, F4, F6, F7, F8, F9,  F10, F11, F17   F2, F3, F4, F6, F7, F8,  F9, F10, F11, F17  5   F17  F2, F3, F4, F6, F7, F8, F9,  F10, F11, F17   F2, F3, F4, F6, F7, F8, F9,  F10, F11, F17   F2, F3, F4, F6, F7, F8 (Lai et al., 2020;Wang, 2019;Ge, Qin, Li, 2018) in determining the factors of repurposing the urban environment and redevelopment of industrial facilities, as it is based on an integrated approach and allows to take into account prioritizing a wide range of underlying factors.
It has been found that the organization of territorial and spatial distribution of the main functional processes of the modern post-industrial settlement system (cities and agglomerations) is multifactorial and complex in most cases. The modern urban structure (as a special form of displaying the material and spatial environment) functions in the format of an integral social and industrial complex and constitutes (together with engineering, transport, landscape, and environmental frameworks) a single object of the urban design.
The most frequent phenomenon is the presence of such a town-planning situation that is formed in some local part of the urban system conditions to ensure the state and/or sustainable development of one dominant function (the corresponding territorial zone is characterized as monofunctional) (Surya et al., 2019).
Moreover, it has been found that composition and hierarchy of the subordination of the structural elements forming the industrial environment depended on the specific climatic, urban planning, and large-scale technological features of industrial production and functional relationships with the space of the urban environment. Therefore, industrial sites and zones included in the urban structure could be considered as centers of gravity and urban elements of a special composite value (composite centers and dominant) have been interconnected with other functional areas (primarily residential environment) of the relevant spatial and communications links (open spaces, road network, and utility networks).

Conclusion
The effective organization of the use of the territory of an urban environment, which is suitable and accessible for building construction facilities for industrial purposes is an urgent task for existing, new, and reconstructed industrial zones. The use of the urban environment to place the production facilities has been directly related to the characteristics of a particular type of industrial industry, the scale of the need for production activities, and the permissible level of negative impact on the environment. However, requirements of developing some branches of management (real economy of the industrial period) led to the necessity of formation of such systems of resettlement, in which the structure and functioning of industrial zones have acquired the importance of the main city-forming factor, to which the structure and functionally-territorial balance of the territory available for the building have been put in hierarchical subordination.
In addition, a significant share of industrial zones in the balance of functional saturation of the territory of the urban structure clearly indicated an obligation to include the industrial zone in the composition and architectural planning decisions (on the organization of space and connections with other functional zones) of a single and integral urban environment. This circumstance has been equally relevant for reorganization and development of the existing settlement system, as well as the development of new and accessible areas for urban development.