Valores morales de la organización basados en patrones morales
comerciales y requisitos legales para presentar el modelo en la
administración tributaria
Moral values of organization based on business moral patterns and legal requirements
for presenting model in tax administration
Yousef Mehni
1a
, Saeed Sayadi
2
, Masoud Pourkiani
3
, Sanjar Salajegheh
4
, &
Hojat Babaei
5
Islamic Azad University, Kerman, Iran
12345
Orcid ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3460-4075
1
Orcid ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2917-9043
2
Orcid ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5370-3768
3
Orcid ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3412-6731
4
Orcid ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8084-4507
5
Recibido: 19 de febrero de 2020 Aceptado: 12 de agosto de 2020
Resumen
El propósito de esta investigación fue analizar y explicar los valores éticos de la organización
basados en modelos éticos comerciales y requisitos legales para presentar un modelo en la
Administración Tributaria de Kerman (Irán). La presente investigación es descriptiva y
exploratoria, y de tipo combinado (cuantitativo, cualitativo). Por lo tanto, la orientación de esta
investigación fue primero determinar e identificar los componentes de los valores éticos de la
organización, además de revisar la literatura y los antecedentes de la investigación. El método
de muestreo cualitativo exploratorio y el tamaño de la muestra debido a las limitaciones de
acceso se consideran para esta etapa 11 personas. Este grupo incluye gerentes y empleados de
la Administración Tributaria de Kerman. Según las estadísticas, hay 727 gerentes y empleados
de la Administración Tributaria de Kerman. Debido a que el tipo de investigación requiere
información de individuos específicos, es decir, tipos específicos de personas como gerentes
(19) y empleados (708) que pueden proporcionar la información deseada en la investigación,
fueron seleccionados como muestra estadística. La validez del cuestionario fue confirmada por
análisis factorial exploratorio y confirmatorio y la confiabilidad del cuestionario fue confirmada
por el alfa de Cronbach. En la presente investigación, los valores éticos incluyen justicia
organizacional, compromiso organizacional, cultura moral empresarial y responsabilidad social
de una organización. Los patrones de la moral del trabajo incluyen la moral profesional, la moral
social y la moral individual, y los requisitos legales incluyen los servicios apropiados, la calidad
de los servicios y la confianza. En el caso del modelo de medición de valores éticos basado en
patrones éticos y requisitos legales en la provincia de Kerman, la correlación entre variables no
es más de 0.9. Por lo tanto, no es necesario fusionarlos o eliminarlos. Además, todas las cargas
de factor son mayores que 0.5, lo que indica que todas las dimensiones tienen una buena validez
a
Correspondencia al autor
E-mail: father.yousef.1911@gmail.com
Apuntes Univ
ersitarios, 2020: 10(4), octubre-diciembre
ISSN: 2304-0335 DOI:https://doi.org/10.17162/au.v10i4.522
apuntesuniversitarios.upeu.edu.pe
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de factor. Con respecto al modelo estructural de valores éticos basado en patrones éticos y
requisitos legales en la administración tributaria de la provincia de Kerman, la relación entre la
variable de modelos éticos organizacionales y los valores morales empresariales es positiva y
significativa. También existe una relación positiva y significativa entre la variable de requisitos
legales y los valores éticos de la organización.
Palabras clave: Valores morales organizacionales, patrones morales de negocios, requisitos
legales, justicia organizacional, compromiso organizacional, responsabilidad social de la
organización.
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to analyze and explain the organization's ethical values based
on ethical business models and legal requirements to present a model to the Kerman Tax
Administration (Iran). The present investigation is descriptive and exploratory, and of a
combined type (quantitative, qualitative). Therefore, the orientation of this research was first to
determine and identify the components of the organization's ethical values, in addition to
reviewing the literature and the research background. The exploratory qualitative sampling
method and the sample size due to access limitations are considered for this stage 11 people.
This group includes managers and employees of the Kerman Tax Administration. According to
statistics, there are 727 managers and employees of the Kerman Tax Administration. Because
the type of research requires information from specific individuals, that is, specific types of
people such as managers (19) and employees (708) who can provide the desired information in
the research, they were selected as a statistical sample. The validity of the questionnaire was
confirmed by exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis and the reliability of the
questionnaire was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha. In this research, ethical values include
organizational justice, organizational commitment, corporate moral culture, and social
responsibility of an organization. Patterns of work morale include professional morale, social
morale, and individual morale, and legal requirements include appropriate services, quality of
services, and trust. In the case of the ethical values measurement model based on ethical
standards and legal requirements in the Kerman province, the correlation between variables is
not more than 0.9. Therefore, there is no need to merge or remove them. Furthermore, all factor
loads are greater than 0.5, indicating that all dimensions have good factor validity. Regarding
the structural model of ethical values based on ethical patterns and legal requirements in the tax
administration of the Kerman province, the relationship between the variable of organizational
ethical models and the corporate moral values is positive and significant. There is also a positive
and significant relationship between the variable of legal requirements and the ethical values of
the organization.
Keywords: Organizational Moral Values, Business Moral Patterns, Legal Requirements,
Organizational Justice, Organizational Commitment, Social Responsibility of Organization.
Introduction
Morality and the preservation of ethical values have become one of the most important
phenomena that attract attention in most organizations. Moral principles have become part of
the formal policies and informal cultures of organizations. Morality means observing the
spiritual principles and values that govern a person or group's behavior in terms of what is right
and what is wrong. Moral values determine the standards of what is good or bad in behavior
and decision-making. Morality is different from the behavior of the law. Legal behavior is
rooted in a set of principles that determine the type of action individuals generally adopt; they
are generally acceptable, binding and enforceable in courts (Baharifar & Javaherifar, 2010).
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The ethical values of senior management have a particular impact on the social
responsibility of an organization. Because this system is self-regulating, there are no rules or
regulations for it. Therefore, if the organization has a strong ethical approach and wants to work
for the betterment of the environment, it will participate in corporate social responsibility. If
senior management obeys the right laws in the workplace and this infiltrates downstream
management, the organization as a whole will work for society, customers and business
partners. Researchers have found that public sector organizations are not heavily involved in
corporate social responsibility activities inside and outside the organization because they are
concerned about the senior management morality regarding employees and the welfare of
society. Senior management does not treat employees well and they are not ethically motivated
to do their job and do not consider any harm to the organization and outside the organization.
The ethical culture of the organization has a strong impact on employees and their productivity
and this culture of employee amorality is transmitted to society (Razaq et al, 2013). These
values help to establish and maintain standards that can influence people towards the actions
that are desirable for an organization.
Ethical behavior also consists of two main aspects: the ability to distinguish good and
bad, right and wrong, commitment and tendency towards doing what is right. Ethical behavior
is a reflection of one's values (Khodami & Oslanloo, 2015). We can divide one's values into the
principal ethical values and cultural or individual ethical values. The principal values are the
basis for ethical decisions. These values are fundamental regardless of time, culture and
religion. These values are usually defined by words such as trustworthiness, respect,
responsibility, justice and fairness, social and civil customs. Cultural or individual values are
beliefs about what is right or wrong. These beliefs are derived from experience, family values,
religious beliefs, cultural traditions, standards, and professional actions. These values are
determined by changes in time, context, religion, and individuals (Rahimnia & Hoshyar, 2010).
The ethical behavior and current system of employment relationships in any organization are
essential for overall growth, production of goods and services for both domestic and business
use, International exchange, political stability, and the full benefits of sustainable human
development. In other words, the degree to which organizations are committed to ethical
standards determines the welfare and health of all beneficiaries, the organization's productivity,
and subsequent profitability, as well as macroeconomic growth and national development. The
goal of any organization is to have employees who are consistent with the mission and goals of
the company and are committed to their principal values, adhere to ethical rules, and adapt their
actions to different beliefs in different contexts. Employee compliance, moral correctness,
moral principles, and organizational productivity play an important role. Also integrating the
values within the ordinary operations of an organization promotes employees' ethical behavior
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(Adeniji et al., 2015).
The collapse of behavioral standards in the public sector has prompted researchers to
seek further theoretical foundations in this regard and to be able to provide an appropriate course
of action and improve the ethical and organizational behavior of employees. So, one of the most
important concerns of efficacious managers at different levels of the organization is to create
the right context for human agents working in all professions so that they work with a sense of
responsibility and commitment in their community and profession and adhere to the morality
of their profession. The first step in achieving these goals is a proper understanding of the
concept of organizational morality and identifying the factors that influence employees' ethical
behavior (Arianpour M. & Mehrabi, 2016).
Theoretical foundations and empirical background of research
Maintaining morality has become one of the most important phenomena that attract
attention in most organizations. Moral principles have become part of the formal policies and
informal cultures of organizations. Morality means observing the spiritual principles and values
that govern a person or group's behavior in terms of what is right and what is wrong. Moral
values determine the standards of what is good or bad in behavior and decision-making.
Morality is different from the law. Legal behavior is rooted in a set of principles that determine
the type of action individuals generally adopt; they are generally acceptable, binding and
enforceable in courts (Baharifar & Javaherifar, 2010).
Ethical values
The foundation of all values in the organization is ethical values. These values help to
establish and maintain standards that can influence the direction of individuals towards the
desired actions for the organization. In particular, organizational success increases when
organizational standards or ethical values are widely shared among members. Values are the
foundation of any organization's culture. As with the philosophy of the organization for success,
values also provide a common path and direction for all employees, as well as guidelines for
their daily behavior. Recognizing the importance of values and their relationship to culture, it
is necessary to identify the fundamental values that are at the root of the normative foundations
of the individual and the organization (Baharifar & Javaherifar, 2010). In the present research,
ethical values include organizational justice, organizational commitment, work ethical culture,
and social responsibility of an organization.
Work moral patterns
Work morality is an important aspect of an organization's culture and is becoming part
of an organization's strategy. Morality in work provides the foundation for a business to
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improve working conditions (Mousavi & Arabshah-Karizi, 2014). Perhaps with the slightest
hesitation, the category of morality is one of those concepts and debates that have been the most
oppressed. Because every individual or group considers their actions (in most cases and
instances) morally justified, explaining at least not labeled immoral or in some way why their
behavior is such and such. The ethical justification of actions and the common effort in this
direction (which is general) indicate the status of morality, but due to lack of sufficient
awareness of its role in transcendence (of individual, group, and organization) and insistence
on justifying immoral acts, sometimes we find that morality in the pursuit of individual and
group goals and interests is oppressed. Although the word morality has had widely used, the
increasing emphasis on it, and especially the emergence of ethical failures in all fields, and
especially in the management of organizations, has made it one of the hottest topics of the day.
Morality and moral principles are among the subjects that have been emphasized in Islam so
that the Prophet (peace be upon him) has introduced the purpose of his mission as fulfilling the
moral principles (Ismaili & Rahimi-Aghdam, 2016). In the present research, business moral
patterns include professional morality, social morality, and individual morality.
Legal requirements
Morality is different from the behavior of the law. Legal requirements are rooted in a
set of principles that determine the type of action individuals generally adopt; they are generally
acceptable, binding and enforceable in courts. Legal requirements apply to behaviors that do
not necessarily fall under the guise of morality. Ethical legal requirements imply the need for
morality as well as the management of work morality in today's businesses. Researches have
shown that observing ethical legal requirements has a significant impact on promoting
organizational goals and enhancing organizational performance. Researchers stated that
observing ethical legal requirements effectively and directly increases altruism between
employees and organizational interactions and improves the fulfillment of organizational goals
(Lee et al, 2014). In the present research, and based on the research of other researchers, the
legal requirements include appropriate services, quality of service and trust.
Research background
Ismaili and Rahimi-Aghdam (2016) researched the role of ethical values in improving
employees' performance with an emphasis on workplace spirituality. The results showed that
workplace spirituality was associated with behavioral performance with a standard coefficient
of 0.75 and a significance of 5.69 and with procedural performance with a standard coefficient
of 0.21 and significance of 2.30. Teague shows that workplace spirituality plays a positive role
in improving employees' performance at Tabriz University. Khodami & Oslanloo (2015)
researched designing a model of ethical behavior with emphasis on the role of organizational
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moral values. Findings based on the significant coefficients index showed that ethical values
have a positive and significant relationship with all three dimensions of organizational justice.
From the dimensions of organizational justice, only the dimension of interactive justice is
related to both dimensions of organizational commitment and job satisfaction, and procedural
justice is related only to organizational commitment. Both organizational commitment and job
satisfaction have a positive relationship with ethical behavior.
The results showed that the research model was validated and demonstrated that:
Organizational ethical values can lead to ethical behavior of employees through organizational
justice, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment. Khodayari-Zarnagh et al. (2013)
conducted research entitled the status of ethical values in hospital: a survey of educational-
health hospitals of Tehran in 2013. Given the less desirable status of ethical values in these
hospitals, health authorities should pay special attention to the triangle education (morality in
hospitals), strategic attitude (morality in the health system), and fair compensation of services
as key to morality improvement in the health system. The findings of the present research
indicated that the ranking of components of professional morality in management can include
responsibility, trust in God, honesty, trustworthiness, justice, and so on. In the sample, the factor
of spirituality is in the first rank, intra-individual and extra-organizational factor in the second
and third rank, intra-organizational and extra-individual factor in the next ranks. Finally, the
professional morality of managers in this population is at a desirable level. Moghaddam &
Nasab, (2016) conducted research entitled the requirements and strategies of professional
morality in higher education. The morality of using human beings as research subjects and
morality related to conducting research. Adherence to the principles of professional morality
by professors is of particular value given their effective role in learners' performance. The
requirements of professional morality in higher education can be examined in the context of
general higher education in the development process and the areas of teaching and research.
Given the importance of morality in the aforementioned areas and the researches done, we can
conclude that all teaching and research processes are ethical. Therefore, observing ethical
requirements is a necessity.
Shah Ali et al. (2015) conducted a study entitled the model of implementing professional
morality in Iranian organizations. In this research, the factors influencing professional morality
are first extracted from the available sources based on the documentary method, and then, based
on the Delphi technique, the most important influencing factors are refined by the relevant
experts. In the next stage, the degree of impact, importance, and priority of each identified factor
is determined and the relevant model is designed based on a systemic approach. The research
findings indicate that factors affecting the implementation of professional morality in
organizations can be studied in three individuals, organizational and environmental dimensions.
Soltani (2016) conducted research entitled the role of moral excellence model in students and
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educational leaders' spiritual development. In his research, he argues that school leaders and
students should adhere to accepted morals without exception to be successful; they must
demonstrate their commitment to morality through tangible behavior. The ethical theory
establishes a system of rules and principles that guides people in deciding what is right and
wrong, what is good and evil. Morality and spirituality are of the important areas for the spiritual
development of students and educational leaders. For the other hand, Mohageran & Shohudi
(2014) conducted research entitled modelling the relation of professional morality and
spirituality at work to the social responsibility of nurses in public hospitals in Kermanshah. The
results showed that there was a positive and significant relationship between professional
morality and spirituality at work and social responsibility. Spirituality also has a mediating role
in the relationship between morality and social responsibility. By acknowledging the mediating
role of spirituality, professional morality has an indirect, positive and meaningful effect on
nurses' social responsibility. Baharifar & Javaherifar (2010) conducted research entitled
examining the consequences of organizational ethical values (by studying organizational
justice, organizational commitment, and organizational citizenship behavior).
The results above showed that the ethical values of the organization positively influence
procedural justice and distributive justice. Procedural justice and distributive justice also have
a positive effect on organizational commitment of employees. Organizational commitment
positively influences employees' ethical behavior. Ethical behavior also positively affects the
dimension of the chivalry and altruism dimension of organizational citizenship behaviors.
Dabagh (2006) researched organizational ethical values among colleagues. The researchers
stated in their research that the principles, the existence of ethical patterns and values in
organizations lead to building trust among employees and enhancing organizational
commitment among employees. According to this research, organizational culture,
organizational commitment, and organizational justice are ethical symbols that must be present
in organizations to build trust and organizational commitment in organizations. The results
showed that there is a significant relationship between morality and organizational trust. Piang
Tan (2017) researched ethical values and citizenship behaviors using the content analysis
method. Researchers argued that accountability is one of the most important factors in
citizenship behavior after that organizational commitment is also an important factor in ethical
values. During the studies and analysis of the content of research, factors such as mutual respect,
individual competence, trustworthiness, honesty, etc. were identified as ethical values
governing citizenship behaviors. Chokprajakchat & Nittaya (2017) conducted research entitled
the implementation of legal requirements of professional morality for Thai government
employees. The results showed that the overwhelming majority of government employees
recognize these legal requirements, and one of the side findings of the research was that
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employees also disseminate these requirements to their colleagues to recognize them all new
and older employees. These requirements include compliance with all laws and regulations of
the organization, observance of discipline, respect and mutual trust, and so on. James & Miller
(2017) conducted a study entitled the legal requirements of morality in public health.
The legal requirements of public health morality have been approved by the American
Public Health Association (APHA) for more than 10 years and have been very influential in
this field. However, in this research, several agencies affiliated with the Ministry of Health have
defined specific ethical guidelines for their organization and required staff to adhere to them.
Researchers have argued that there are legal requirements to improve the organization's
performance and to achieve better and faster organization goals that lead to increased public
health at the society level. Explained requirements include organizational morality and
discipline, medical professional morality, mutual respect and trust between employees and
patients, and adherence to research and development professional morality. Stoeber & Hongfei
(2016) researched the relationship between moral perfectionism and moral values based on
virtues and judgments. In this research, honesty, responsibility, justice, public trust, mutual
respect, individual competence, trustworthiness, etc. were considered as ethical values and the
relationship of each of these factors to moral perfectionism was measured and investigated. The
results showed that moral values have positive and significant relationships with moral
perfectionism. The research also showed that moral perfectionism was a personality trait and
had a root in people's culture and influenced by one's moral values and attitudes.
Conceptual model
After examining the theoretical and background of the research as well as interviewing
experts, our research has provided the model of organizational moral values comprised of two
independent variables (predictors) of business morality patterns and legal requirements, and
one dependent variable (criterion) of the organization's ethical values. Based on theoretical
foundations and research background, each of the variables identified to explain the
organization's ethical values model includes dimensions, components, and indices on which
have commented many researchers over the years, and have provided definitions. Variable of
work morality patterns includes three dimensions of social morality, professional morality, and
individual morality. Variable of legal requirements includes three dimensions of service quality,
good service and trust, and the ethical values of the organization include four dimensions of
organizational justice, organizational commitment, the moral culture of the organization and
social responsibility of the organization. Many scholars have commented on each of the
identified variables, dimensions and components and have provided definitions that, together
with the goals of the research ahead, constituted the ultimate model of the organization's ethical
values. (Figure 1) has illustrated the conceptual model of the research (as proposed) on the
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conceptual bases and the theoretical framework of the research.
Figure 1. Conceptual model of research
According to the proposed model, the test questions will be formulated as follows:
What are the dimensions of organizational ethical values?
What are the dimensions of business morality patterns?
What are the legal requirements?
What is the model of measuring ethical values based on ethical patterns and
legal requirements in the Kerman Tax Administration?
What is the Structural Model of Ethical Values Based on Ethical Patterns and
Legal Requirements in Kerman Tax Administration?
Materials and Methods
Based on the data collection, we can say that this research is a descriptive and
exploratory one. The present research is also combined (quantitative, qualitative) type.
Combined research is divided into several categories including angular, nested, explanatory and
exploratory. Therefore, in this research, to determine and identify the components of the
organization's ethical values, we review first the research literature and background, we tested
and evaluated then the model using a quantitative approach. Therefore, given the above, the
most appropriate approach for the research is the exploratory combined approach. Since the
main purpose of the research is to investigate and explain the ethical values of the organization
based on business ethical patterns and legal requirements in order to present a model in the
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Kerman Tax Administration, our statistical population includes 1. Experts and 2. Employees.
The statistical population of this research includes the managers and employees of the Kerman
Tax Administration. The Kerman Tax Administration currently has 19 managers and 708
employees.
Experts
This group includes managers and experts in the field of morality (organizational
morality), which has been used to validate the model, as focus groups. In the qualitative stage,
the interview stage, that is exploratory, the sampling was non-probable and at convenience. In
this stage, the sample size was 11 individuals due to access restrictions.
Managers and employees
This group includes managers and employees of the Kerman Tax Administration; we
used it in the process of pattern testing. According to statistics, there are 727 managers and
employees of the Kerman Tax Administration. Because the type of research requires
information to be obtained from specific individuals, ie specific types of people including
managers (19) and employees (708) who can provide the desired information in the research
(Salajeghe & Sistani-Khanaman, 2010), they were selected as statistical samples.
Results
In the research literature, exploratory factor analysis is often used as part of the tool
construction or validation process. What are the dimensions of organizational ethical values?
In this research, we examined organizational ethical values based on four dimensions:
organizational justice, organizational commitment, organizational ethical culture and social
responsibility of the organization. To identify and explain the components of these four
dimensions, we performed factor analysis for identifying the relationship and factor load
between the components (17 components) and four dimensions. The results of the table show
that: The relationship between the dimension of organizational justice and its components (4
components) is 0.68, 0.87, 0.70 and 0.43, respectively, which is very desirable. The relationship
between the dimension of organizational commitment and its components (3 components) is
0.87, 0.76 and 0.58, respectively, which is very desirable. The relationship between the
dimension of organizational morality and its components (6 components) is 0.72, 0.78, 0.74,
0.67, 0.48 and 0.78, respectively, which is very desirable. The relationship between the social
responsibility dimension of the organization and its components (4 components) is 0.79, 0.71,
0.83 and 0.83, respectively, which is acceptable and highly desirable.
What are the dimensions of business morality patterns? In this research, the models of
work morality are examined based on three dimensions: social morality, professional morality,
and individual morality. To identify and explain the components of these three dimensions,
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factor analysis was performed to identify the relationship and factor load between the
components (9 components) and three dimensions. The results of the table show that: The
relationship between the social morality dimension and its components (3 components) is 0.79,
0.82 and 0.31, respectively, which is very desirable. The relationship between the dimension of
professional morality and its components (3 components) is 0.50, 0.69 and 0.61, respectively,
which is very desirable. The relationship between the dimension of individual morality and its
components (3 components) is 0.53, 0.31 and 0.35, respectively, which is acceptable.
Discussion
In this research, the legal requirements are examined based on three dimensions, quality
of services, proper services provision and mutual trust. To identify and explain the indices of
these three dimensions, factor analysis was performed to identify the relationship and factor
load between the indices (13 indices) and three dimensions. The results (Table 1) show that:
The relationship between services quality dimension and its indicators (items 1 to 4) are 0.66,
0.42, 0.66 and 0.77, respectively, which is acceptable and very desirable. The relationship
between the dimension of appropriate service provision and its indicators is 0.69, 0.77, 0.82 and
0.75, respectively, which is acceptable and highly desirable. The relationship between the
mutual trust dimension and its indices is 0.71, 0.67, 0.64, 0.66 and 0.48, respectively, which is
acceptable and highly desirable.
What is the model for measuring ethical values based on ethical patterns and legal
requirements in Kerman Tax Administration? To answer this research question, the
measurement model of these variables was drawn using AMOS23 software.
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CMIN = 30.91, P = 0.075, CMIN / DF = 1.47, RMSEA = 0.036
Figure 2. Model of measuring research variables
As we can see in (Figure 2), the correlation between the variables is not more than 0.9.
So there is no need to merge or delete them. We also observe (Figure 2) that all factor loads are
greater than 0.5 indicating that all dimensions have good factor validity. However, some factor
loads are less than 0.5 (Table 1)
Table 1
The goodness of fit of the research variables measurement model (4-11)
Indices
of
pattern
fitness
CMIN
CMIN/DF
NPAR
P
GFI
AGFI
IFI
TLI
CFI
NFI
RMSEA
Fitted
pattern
10.63
06.1
45
0.387
0.99
0.95
1.00
0.99
1.00
0.99
0.016
Desired
values
df =
3 >
_
˃0.05
˃0.90
˃0.90
˃0.90
˃0.90
˃0.90
˃0.90
˂0.08
What is the Structural Model of Moral Values Based on Ethical Patterns and Legal
Requirements in Kerman Tax Administration? To answer this research question, after
reviewing and validating the measurement model, using the AMOS23 software, we
visualized the structural model of productivity of human force and investigated the
relationships between hidden variables (which are the research questions) (Figure 3).
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CMIN = 10.83, P = 0.146, CMIN / DF = 1.55, RMSEA = 0.047
Figure 3. Structural Model of Research
Regarding the fit of the model concerning the fit indices, we can say that the factor
analysis model is suitable to answer the question and the test of the main research hypotheses
is of the goodness of fit. In other words, considering the appropriateness of fit indices, we can
use this model to explain and design a model of ethical values based on ethical patterns and
legal requirements in the Kerman Province Tax Administration (Table 2).
Table 2
The goodness of fit of the structural model of research variables (4-12)
Indices
of Model
Goodness
of fit
CMIN
DF
CMIN/DF
NPAR
P
GFI
AGFI
IFI
TLI
CFI
NFI
RMSEA
Fitted
model
83.10
7
55.1
48
146.0
99.0
93.0
99.0
98.0
99.0
99.0
047.0
Desirable
values
df =
_
3 >
_
05.0<
90.0<
90.0<
90.0<
90.0<
90.0<
90.0<
08.0>
There is a positive and significant relationship between the variables of organizational
morality patterns and values of work morality (P <0.05, t = 5.61, β = 0.44). There is a positive
and significant relationship between the variables of legal requirements and organizational
ethical values (P <0.05, t = 5.43, β = 0.91).
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Discussion
According to the results obtained from descriptive statistics, organizational ethical
values include organizational justice, organizational commitment, organizational ethical
culture, and organizational social responsibility. The results (Table 2) show that: The mean of
the status of the variable Organizational Ethical Values from the point of view of the
managers and employees of the Kerman Province Tax Administration was 3.85 and its standard
deviation was 0.35. From Score 5, the lowest score given by managers and employees of the
Kerman Province Tax Administration was 2.59 and the highest was 4.59. Organizational moral
values are defined as a subset of the organizational culture that illustrates the multidimensional
interaction between formal and informal systems of behavioral control. These informal systems
include a set of beliefs, norms, and actions that are common for individuals within an
organization. In addition to these informal aspects, the organization's ethical values can also be
expressed through more formal systems such as reward systems, policies, and procedures.
When employees believe that policies and procedures are followed by managers and other
people in the organization with ethical considerations, then ethical values are institutionalized
in the organization. Managers, for example, may exhibit these values concerning ethical
practices such as inciting ethical behavior and punishing immoral behavior (Baharifar &
Javaherifar, 2010).
The rationale behind the theory of focusing on ethical values, as a tool affecting
employees' ethical behavior, is that individuals are expected to behave in a way that conforms
to the values in the organization. Studies and researches illustrate the impact of ethical context
on concepts such as job satisfaction, organizational commitment, intention to quit, and ethical
conflict with managers and bosses. In other words, we can reasonably argue that moral context
and environment influence employees' behaviors, including ethical behavior. In the role model
of justice in organizations, Kuhn-Chorshe and Spector argue that organizational actions and
activities exemplify the ethical behavior that enhances perceptions of distributive and
procedural justice. Second, there are two main components of organizational justice, procedural
justice, and distributive justice. Procedural justice refers to justice and equality of organizational
policies and procedures used to determine rewards, while distributive justice refers to perceived
equity and equality of actual outcomes or rewards. Past studies have shown that high levels of
justice are positively associated with satisfaction, commitment, and trust. At the same time, low
levels of justice are associated with poor performance, increased vigilance, and leaving job and
job dissatisfaction. Therefore, both forms of justice are conceptually related to the ethical values
of the organization. Both morality and organizational justice have a root in the concept of justice
and include judgments about what is right and what is wrong. Individuals perceive their
environment as fair and equitable so that these practices and laws are followed and the results
of organizational policies and procedures are fair and equitable. We can, therefore, argue that
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the ethical values of the organization are positively related to procedural justice and distributive
justice (Aghigh, 2016).
Patterns of work morality include the dimensions of social, professional and individual
morality. The average status of business morality patterns from the viewpoint of managers
and employees of Kerman province's tax administration was 3.24 and its standard deviation was
0.48. On average out of 5, the lowest score given to this variable by managers and employees
of Kerman province tax administration was 1.65 and the highest was 4.28. In the field of social
morality, the results of this research are consistent with researches conducted by Piang Tan
(2017), Mirabrahimi & Habibzadeh (2012), and Cheng (2017). In the field of professional
morality, the results of this research are consistent with researches done by Piang Tan (2017),
Mirabrahimi & Habibzadeh (2012), Stoeber & Hongfei (2016), y Cheng (2017). In the field of
individual morality, the results of this study are consistent with those of Piang Tan (2017),
Stoeber & Hongfei (2016), Salajeghe & Sistani Khanaman (2010).
Legal requirements include quality of services, appropriate service provision, and
mutual trust. The average status of legal requirements from the point of view of managers
and employees of Kerman province Tax Administration was 3.45 and its standard deviation
was 0.54. On average, out of 5, the lowest score given to this variable by managers and
employees of Kerman province Tax Administration was 1.95 and the highest was 4.52. The
results of this research are consistent with researches carried out by Razaq et al. (2013),
Khodami & Oslanloo (2015), and Mousavi & Arabshah-Karizi, (2014).
In the case of the measurement model of ethical values based on ethical patterns and
legal requirements in the Kerman province Tax Administration, the correlation between
variables is not more than 0.9. So, there is no need to merge or delete them. All factor loads are
also greater than 0.5, indicating that all dimensions have good factor validity.
Regarding the structural model of ethical values based on ethical patterns and legal
requirements in the Kerman Province Tax Administration, the results of the model test showed
that there is a positive and significant relationship between organizational ethical patterns and
business moral values. There is also a positive and significant relationship between the variable
of legal requirements and organizational ethical values. The present hypothesis is consistent
with researches done by Dabagh (2006), Mohageran & Shohudi (2014) and Tota & Shehu,
(2012).
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