Identificación de indicadores de productividad de recursos humanos en
organizaciones ejecutivas y análisis de su situación
Identifying Human Resources Productivity Indicators in Executive Organizations and
Analyzing their Situation
Ali Shahabi Nasab
1a
, Alireza Manzari Tavakoli
2
, Sanjar Salajegheh
3
,
y Ayob Sheykhi
4
Islamic Azad University, Kerman, Iran
123
Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Iran
4
Orcid ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2387-4037
1
Orcid ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4271-782X
2
Orcid ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3412-6731
3
Orcid ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3731-6012
4
Recibido: 19 de enero de 2020 Aceptado: 15 de julio de 2020
Resumen
Este estudio tuvo como objetivo identificar los indicadores de productividad de los recursos
humanos en las organizaciones ejecutivas de Kohgiluyeh y la provincia de Boyer-Ahmad y
analizar su situación. Esta investigación se aplica en propósito, de naturaleza descriptiva-
correlacional, mediante un método de investigación por encuesta. La población estadística
estuvo compuesta por todos los empleados de las organizaciones ejecutivas de Kohgiluyeh y
Boyer-Ahmad (8.089 individuos), que según la fórmula de Cochran, el tamaño de la muestra se
estimó en 366 individuos y la selección se basó en un método de agrupamiento aleatorio. Para
recopilar datos, se utilizó el cuestionario de productividad de los empleados de Goldsmith
(1980). Los expertos confirmaron la validez de la cara y el contenido del cuestionario, y el
coeficiente alfa de Cronbach fue superior a 0.7, lo que muestra la consistencia entre ítems y la
confirmación de la confiabilidad. Para examinar los datos, se realizó un análisis factorial
exploratorio utilizando LISREL. Según los resultados, los datos obtenidos se ajustaron
adecuadamente con la estructura de factores del indicador de productividad de recursos
humanos y los ítems de este indicador fueron consistentes con la construcción de la
infraestructura. Los resultados de las subescalas mostraron que los indicadores de motivación
(89.34), habilidad (87.15) y credibilidad (80.05) estaban respectivamente en el primer al tercer
lugar en términos de nivel de recursos humanos de las organizaciones ejecutivas de Kohgiluyeh
y Boyer-Ahmad. En conclusión, se sugiere enfatizar la importancia de los recursos humanos
competentes y eficientes para mejorar la productividad organizacional y motivar a los recursos
humanos que trabajan en las organizaciones ejecutivas de Kohgiluyeh y Boyer-Ahmad para
trabajar más y ser más eficientes utilizando incentivos materiales y espirituales.
Palabras clave: Productividad, recursos humanos, organizaciones ejecutivas, administración,
gestión administrativa
a
Correspondencia al autor
E-mail: shahabi200950@yahoo.com
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309
Apuntes Universitarios, 2020: 10(4), octubre-diciembre
ISSN: 2304-0335 DOI:https://doi.org/10.17162/au.v10i4.516
apuntesuniversitarios.upeu.edu.pe
Abstract
This study aimed to identify the indicators of human resource productivity in the executive
organizations of Kohgiluyeh and the province of Boyer-Ahmad and to analyze their situation.
This research is applied on purpose, descriptive-correlational in nature, using a survey research
method. The statistical population was made up of all the employees of the executive
organizations of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad (8,089 individuals), which according to the
Cochran formula, the sample size was estimated at 366 individuals and the selection was based
on a method of random grouping. To collect data, Goldsmith's (1980) employee productivity
questionnaire was used. The experts confirmed the validity of the face and the content of the
questionnaire, and the Cronbach's alpha coefficient was higher than 0.7, which shows the
consistency between items and the confirmation of reliability. To examine the data, an
exploratory factor analysis was performed using LISREL. According to the results, the data
obtained was adequately adjusted with the factor structure of the indicator of productivity of
human resources and the items of this indicator were consistent with the construction of the
infrastructure. The results of the subscales showed that the indicators of motivation (89.34),
ability (87.15) and credibility (80.05) were respectively in first to third place in terms of level
of human resources of the executive organizations of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad. In
conclusion, it is suggested to emphasize the importance of competent and efficient human
resources to improve organizational productivity and motivate human resources working in the
executive organizations of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad to work more and be more efficient
using material and spiritual incentives.
Keywords: Productivity, Human Resources, Executive Organizations, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-
Ahmad.
Introduction
The concept of productivity should be considered in the organizations and their
performance success. Organizational productivity, and in more specialized terms, the human
resources productivity in organizations, is one of the possible consequences of considering the
indicators and human resources. Productivity is a culture and a rational approach to work and
life that aims to make activities smarter for a better and excellent life (Boselie et al., 2020).
If an organization can achieve its goals of customer satisfaction, it will be an effective
organization. However, if the organization achieves the same goal by decreasing the number of
its employees, it will be more efficient than before. Many scholars of the management and
economics argue that empowering human resources as the most effective element in the
realization of efforts is considered the most profitable and important element of development
among different types of investments that are made to improve productivity and finally
economic and social development (Caliskan, 2010).
The main goal of a company is always to earn money or in other words profitability.
The company's profitability almost depends on its long-term productivity. Profitability shows
the company's current financial situation, and productivity reflects the company's future
position. A company can only continue its profitability if it does not ignore the productivity
(Chew & Basu, 2005).
To increase productivity in the organization, several conditions should be provided that
human resources are the most important factor. The emerged human resources to do the duties
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are a significant factor in productivity. Human resource is one of the most valuable resources
of any organization and has been a major factor in the development of many countries for a
long time. Human resources can be efficient and capable if they are able to make an efficient,
profitable and useful organization to the society, and in general, make the country prosperous
and independent (Cho et al., 2017).
Research background
In a study, the influential factors in increasing organizational productivity based on
human resources were investigated. The researchers finally found that considering the basic
needs of employees is the most important factor in promoting organizational productivity. It
was further determined that the participation of human resources in decision-making is of
secondary importance of developing organizational productivity. Eventually, this study showed
that leadership style is also one of the effective components (Collins, 2007).
In his research, he presented and proposed effective solutions to increase the
productivity of human resources in organizations and finally argued that strategies such as
paying attention to the increasing participation of employees, proper selection of employees
and staff training, type and style of leadership o managers, review and reform the organizational
structure (pay more attention to the development and regulating clear job descriptions for
organizational positions of all employees, considering the conditions of job promotion,
documenting affairs and regulating work procedures) and ultimately, improving the employee
compensation system are the most important influential factors in human resources productivity
of organizations (Delery & Doty, 1996).
In his research, he examined the influential indicators on the productivity of human
resources and organizational productivity. The researcher argued that the ability or job readiness
of human resources, organizational support of human resources (encouraging and motivating
workforce by managers and agents outside the organization), motivation and willingness of
human resources to accept the profession and work field in the organization ( the relevance of
the field of expertise to the field of work, the importance of the employees' work filed in
promoting the goals of the organization), informal feedback on the workforce performance
during their working hours, assessing the validity of human resources decisions in terms of law
and norms by managers and finally environmental adaptation are the most important factors
affecting human resource productivity, which enhance organizational performance and finally
improve organizational productivity (Farhangi et al., 2014).
In their research, they identified and prioritized the influential indicators on human
resource productivity in organizations. Organizational culture has consisted of components
such as innovation, risk-taking, considering the details, considering the achievements, paying
attention to the role of members of the organization and emphasize on the organizational
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progress and sustainability. Environmental conditions are in the second rank of relation to the
organizations' human resource productivity, which include five components of adequate
facilities, quiet physical environment, adequate ventilation systems, modernity of physical
space, and the size and extent of physical space (Gholamzadeh & Jalali, 2012).
In their research entitled Analysis of Influential Internal and External Organizational
Factors on Human Resource Productivity showed that factors of management styles and
compensation systems (reward systems) have the most impact on human resource productivity
in organizations. Therefore, among three managerial factors affecting the human resource
productivity, planning and activities to attract and encourage productive employees have the
greatest role to improve productivity, and delegation of providing open and transparent
communication between managers and employees has the least role (Lado & Wilson, 2018).
In their research, they explored the effective strategies for improving human resource
productivity. Data analysis showed that strategies such as creating a positive attitude in
employees about productivity issues, designing impartial models to evaluate performance and
reward in the organization, implementing participatory management in the organization,
providing more appropriate and practical training courses on productivity, and paying attention
to ergonomics issues in the organization are effective in improving human resource productivity
in organizations and ultimately will be effective in the performance of organization (Macleod
et al., 2014).
In their research, they prioritized organizational indicators and components that are
effective in developing human resource productivity in public and private organizations. The
researchers found that there is a significant relationship between organizational factors and
human resource productivity. There is a significant relationship between the impressive factors
on the quality of working life and improving human resource productivity. There is also a
significant relationship between human resource job-related factors and improving human
resource productivity, and finally there is a significant relationship between variables such as
feedback, the job, performance evaluation and staff needs with promoting human resource
productivity (Ordonez de Pablos & Lytras, 2008).
They determined the human resource indicators and their roles in promoting
organizational performance and productivity. They found that human resource indicators affect
the various dimensions of organization performance, such as productivity, the amount of
movement and transfer of human resources and corporate financial performance. Considering
the effect of HRMP on the performance of the organization as the main way in this area is one
of the main components in studying organizational productivity (Tzafrir, 2015).
Research questions
Question 1: What are the indicators of human resource productivity in executive
organizations of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province?
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Question 2: What is the status of human resource productivity indicators in Kohgiluyeh
and Boyer-Ahmad executive organizations?
Methodology
This research was applied in terms of purpose and in nature was descriptive-
correlational and it had a survey research method. The statistical population included all the
employees of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad executive organizations (8.089 individuals).
According to Cochran formula, the sample size was estimated to be 366 people and was selected
by random clustering method. For collecting data, Goldsmith (1.980) employee productivity
questionnaire was used. This questionnaire has 21 questions and 7 components of ability
(knowledge and skills), clarity (understanding or imagining the role), assistance (organizational
support), evaluation (training and approach to performance), credibility, motivation
(stimulation and tendency) and environment (environmental fit) are measured. Scoring the
questionnaire is based on a 5-degree scale on the Likert scale, so that for very low options
(1point), low (2 points), to some extent (3 points), high (4 points) and very high (5 points) are
considered. Each three questions are devoted to measuring one of the components such as
questions 1-2-3 (ability, knowledge and skills), 4-5-6 (clarity), 7-8-9 (organizational assistance
and support), 10-11-12 (evaluation), 13-14-15 (credibility), 16-17-18 (motivation) and 19-20-
21 (environment and environmental fit) are measured. The range of scores of this questionnaire
is between 21 and 105. (Tzafrir, 2005) has reported the validity and reliability of this scale using
internal consistency validity as 0.69 and 0.80, respectively. Furthermore, the validity and
reliability of the questionnaire in the research (Wattanasupachoke, 2009) using content validity
and retesting on 400 samples was obtained as 0.86 and 0.78, respectively. In order to analyze
the data, exploratory factor analysis using LISREL was applied.
Results
In relation to the two previous research questions above, the results are presented
according to those questions:
Question 1: What are the indicators of human resource productivity in executive
organizations of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province?
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Table 1
Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure of sampling adequacy (KMO) test and Bartlett's test of sphericity of
human resource productivity indicators
Variable
KMO
Bartlett's test of
sphericity
Df
Human resource
productivity
0.632
1544.69
365
The results of Table 1 show that KMO for the variable of human resource productivity
is 0.632, which indicates the adequacy of the selected sample. Furthermore, Bartlett's test of
sphericity (1544.69) is significant at p<0.05 level and shows that the data correlation in the
community is not zero. For this reason, it is determined that performing factor analysis to
identify human resource productivity indicators is permissible and appropriate.
Table 2
Exploratory factor analysis of subscales and indicators of human resource productivity in executive
organizations
Components
Statistic
Eigenvalues
𝑅
2
Cumulative variance
Motivation (stimulation,tendency)
1.67
27.51
27.51
Ability (knowledge and skills)
2.35
21.19
21.19
Credibility
1.93
18.37
18.37
Clarity (understanding or imaging
the role)
3.55
8.53
8.53
Environment (environmental fit)
2.31
6.50
6.50
Evaluation (training and
performance impact)
2.90
3.45
3.45
Assistance (organizational
support)
2.43
2.61
2.61
In exploratory factor analysis of subscales and human resource productivity indicators
in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad executive organizations, using Varimax rotation, 7 factors
were obtained with eigenvalues higher than one and factor loading more than 0.35, and they
were identified as subscales and indicators of human resource productivity in the executive
organizations of Kogiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad.
According to the results of Table 2, it can be seen that among the indicators of human
resource productivity, motivation indicators (27/51), ability: knowledge and skills (21.91) and
creditability (18.37) explain 67.07% of related variance to the human resource productivity
indicator. After these indicators, the indicators of clarity: understanding or imagining the role
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(8.53) and the environment: environmental fit (6.50) are placed, which together explain 15.03%
of the total variance related to the human resource productivity indicator. Finally, evaluation
indicators: training and performance impact (3.45) and assistance: organizational support
(2.61), also have a 0.6% determination of the variance of the human resource productivity
indicator.
Based on the results of factor analysis, motivation indicators, ability: knowledge and
skills, credibility, clarity: understanding or imagining the role, environment: environmental fit,
evaluation: training and approach to performance and assistance: organizational support are
extracted and identified as indicators of human resource productivity in the executive
organizations of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad.
Table 3
Confirmatory factor analysis of human resource productivity indicators in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-
Ahmad executive organizations
Components
CR
AVE
t-value
Factor loading
Motivation (tendency)
0.85
0.77
16.37
0.92
Ability (knowledge and skills)
0.80
0.72
15.43
0.87
Credibility
0.63
0.55
13.69
0.70
Clarity (understanding or imaging
the role)
0.56
0.48
11.45
0.63
Environment (environmental fit)
0.74
0.66
15.82
0.81
Evaluation (training and approach to
performance)
0.54
0.46
10.94
0.51
Assistance (organizational support)
0.71
0.63
14.27
0.75
The results of Table 3 regarding the confirmatory factor analysis of human resource
productivity indicators in Kohhgilouyeh and Boyer-Ahmad executive organizations suggest
that all analyzed human resource productivity indicators have a factor loading more than 0.35,
therefore they are confirmed as the extracted factors and indicators of human resource
productivity. Finally, according to the values of CR and average variance extracted (AVE) of
human resource productivity indicators in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad executive
organizations, it is determined that the mentioned model the extracted indicators can be
considered as a standard and acceptable model for identifying human resource productivity
indicators (Figure 1).
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Figure 1. Confirmatory factor analysis of human resource productivity indicators
Table 4
The results of exploratory factor analysis with Varimax rotation of human resource productivity
indicators
Indicators
Statistic
Motivation (tendency)
0.35
Ability (knowledge and skills)
0.79
Credibility
0.61
Clarity (understanding or imaging the role)
0.68
Environment (environmental fit)
0.77
Evaluation (training and approach to performance)
0.91
Assistance (organizational support)
0.54
After performing exploratory factor analysis with Varimax rotation, human resource
productivity indicators in Kohgilouyeh and Boyer-Ahmad executive organizations, all the items
and extracted factors remained unchanged. The performed analysis and the repetition of 7
factors in it suggest the appropriate validity of the factor analysis (Table 4).
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Table 5
Goodness of fit characteristics for human resource productivity indicators in executive organizations
Characteristic
Motivatio
n
(stimulati
on,
tendency)
Ability
(knowledge
and skills)
Credibility
Clarity
(understanding
or imagining
the role
Environment
(environmental
fit)
Evaluation
(training and
approach to
performance
Assistance
(organization
al support)
The ratio of
chi-square to
the freedom
degree
2.90
1.79
2.25
2.31
1.96
2.14
1.41
Root mean
square residual
(RMR)
0.063
0.069
0.051
0.054
0.059
0.048
0.065
Goodness of
fit index (GFI)
0.83
0.85
0.90
0.82
0.91
0.97
0.87
Adjusted
goodness of fit
index (AGFI)
0.77
0.69
0.94
0.75
0.79
0.93
0.83
Table 5 shows that all fitness characteristics for human resource productivity indicators
in Kohgilouyeh and Boyer-Ahmad executive organizations are at an acceptable level. In other
words, the data of the factor structure of human resource productivity indicator have an
appropriate fitting, and the items of this index are aligned with the infrastructural construct.
Table 6
Cronbach's Alpha of the subscales of the human resource productivity components
Indicators
Cronbach's alpha
Motivation (stimulation, tendency)
0.67
Ability (knowledge and skills)
0.79
Credibility
0.56
Clarity (understanding or imaging the role)
0.73
Environment (environmental fit)
0.61
Evaluation (training and approach to performance)
0.57
Assistance (organizational support)
0.92
Total alpha
0.83
With regard to Table 6, the alpha values for subscales and components of the human
resource productivity indicator in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad executive organizations are
between 0.56 and 0.92. Cronbach's alpha for the human resource productivity indicator was
0.83. This amount indicates the appropriate internal consistency of the subscales and
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components of the human resource productivity indicator.
Question 2: What is the status of human resource productivity indicators in Kohgiluyeh
and Boyer-Ahmad executive organizations?
Table 7
The status of human resource productivity indicators in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad executive
organizations
Row
Sub-indicator
Frequency
Percentage
Index range
1
Motivation
(stimulation,
tendency)
327
89.34
0.114-0.597
2
Ability
(knowledge and
skills)
319
87.15
0.493-0.944
3
Credibility
293
80.05
0.116-0.563
4
Clarity
(understanding or
imaging the role)
261
71.31
0.394-0.768
5
Environment
(environmental
fit)
195
53.27
0.473-0.921
6
Evaluation
(training and
approach to
performance)
173
47.26
0.361-0.564
7
Assistance
(organizational
support)
149
40.71
0.537-0.755
The results of the subscales status of the human resource productivity indicators in the
Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad executive organizations indicate that the indicators of
motivation (89/34), ability (87/15), credibility (80.05), clarity (71.31), environment (53/27),
evaluation (47/26) and assistance (40.71) are respectively placed based on their level and
amount in the first places to the seventh in human resources of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad
executive organizations (Table 7).
Discussion
According to the results of factor analysis, ultimately, indicators of motivation, ability:
knowledge and skills, credibility, clarity: understanding or imagining the role, environment:
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environmental fit, evaluation: training and approach to performance and assistance:
organizational support, are extracted as indicators of human resource productivity in the
Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad executive organizations. Among the indicators human resource
productivity, indicators of motivation: stimulation or tendency, ability: knowledge and skills
and credibility have been identified as the main indicators of human resource productivity the
most important indicators in measuring human resource productivity. Indicators of clarity:
understanding or imagining the role and environment: Environmental fitness, are also known
as sub-indicators and indicators that are of medium importance for measuring human
productivity. Finally, indicators of evaluation: training and approach to performance and
assistance: Organizational support, have also been recognized as indicators that are of least
importance in measuring the human resource productivity.
In analyzing the importance of human resource development indicators, he argued that
a large number of environmental and organizational changes have also helped to enhance
human resource planning and management of employees affairs and human resources. With a
resource-based view of the organization, we find that resources are only valuable to us when
they grow efficiently and allow us to invest in opportunities and deal with threats (Ya-Fen &
Tzai-Zang, 2009). Therefore, the organization human capital creates value by cooperating in
decreasing costs or improving services and products for customers. On the other hand, Collis
and Montgomery believe that (in a strategic management environment) the importance of
human capital depends on the level of creating competitiveness for the company. From an
economic view, exchange theory states that an organization achieves competitive advantages
when it has resources that are specific to the organization itself, so that none of the competitors
can copy these resources. Consequently, the incomparable nature of human capital of any
organization makes organizations to use and invest their organizational resources in the field of
management (Maghsoudpour, 2002). This will reduce the risk and investment in the potentials
of the organization's productivity and manufacturing. By combining two factors of uniqueness
and strategic value of human capital, a matrix is formed that provides a conceptual framework
for categorizing different types of human capital in the organization and also managing them
for greater utilization in the organization (Easterly & Levine, 2001). In fact, this framework
states that for managing different types of human knowledge and capital in the organization,
we need different systems in human resource management, so that using a single system in
human resource management will be followed by reducing productivity in the organization. It
should be noted again that the meaning of human capital in this model is the knowledge of skills
and information of the organization human resources (King & Levine, 2019).
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Conclusion
The results of the status of the human capital productivity indicators in the Kohgiluyeh
and Boyer-Ahmad executive organizations indicate that these indicators are desirable among
the human resources in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad executive organizations. Resources are
valuable to us only when they are efficient and enable investment in opportunities and equip
organizations and human resources to deal with threats. So in this view, the organization human
capital creates value by cooperating in reducing costs or improving services and products for
customers. On the other hand, Collis and Montgomery believe (in a strategic management
environment) that the importance of human capital depends on the level of creating
competitiveness for the company. From an economic point of view, exchange theory states that
an organization gains competitive advantage when it has resources specific to itself, so that
none of the competitors can copy these resources. Therefore, the incomparable nature of human
capital of any organization causes organizations to use and invest their organizational resources
in the fields of management. This will reduce the risk and investment in the possible potentials
of the organization's productivity and manufacturing. By combining two factors of uniqueness
and strategic value of human capital, a matrix is formed that provides a conceptual framework
for categorizing the different types of human capital in the organization and managing them for
greater utilization in the organization. In fact, this framework emphasizes that for management
of different types of human knowledge and capital in the organization, we need different
systems in human resource management, so that using a single system in human resource
management will be accompanied with reducing of productivity in the organization. It is
necessary to note that the meaning of human capital in this model is the knowledge of skills and
information of the human resources of the organization.
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Revista de Investigación Apuntes Universitarios
2020: 10(1),309 - 321
ISSN 2312-4253(impresa)
ISSN 2078-4015(en línea)
321